Vízügyi Közlemények, 1998 (80. évfolyam)

2. füzet - Kelemen László: A magyar ipar és vízgazdálkodása fejlődésének történeti áttekintése

332 Kelemen László In the 14th and 15th centuries Hungary had already left behind the epoch of various handicrafts and was considered as one of the leading countries of Europe in ore, salt, coal, etc. mining and the processing of raw materials. Industries based hydropower had also been developing. Turkish ruling interrupted this development process. The actual recommencement of the development of manufacturing dates to the second quarter of the 19th century and becomes halted again by the freedom fight of Hungary in 1948-49. Dynamic development of Hungarian industry has started only after the Austrian/Hungarian Compromise of 1987 (Tables II. and 111.). Global economic crises and the First World War had considerably slowed down this development (TableIV.). The Trianon (Paris) Peace Treaty of the lost war have not only deprived Hungary of its natural raw material resources, but basically altered the structure of Hungarian industry as well ( Tables V.—VI. ). Recovery from this serious recession was also delayed by the general economic state of the nation. Hardly had the new industrial development started when the Second World War was started, resulting in the development of war-industry. The Hungarian industry had almost entirely been destroyed in the lost war. Reconstruction started in 1945. Preferred industries in this new development process were: chemical industry, metallurgy and machine industry (Table VII.). Development was extensive in all respect and thus one could not speak about industrial water management until the mid-sixties. By this time water resources had been rapidly decreasing and the quality deteriorating endangering the water supply of not only the population and agriculture, but also that of the industry (Figure I.). Regulations and decrees on water management were released in the 1960-1970-ies; such as the waste water penalty and the framework decree on industrial water management. Upon the effect of these regulatory measures the reuse of water and the treatment of industrial waste water have been launched (Tables IX and Л

1.). Upon the political change-over in 1989-1990 most of the former regulations were changed. The bulk of the heavy industries have been collapsed and replaced by new ones. The water management of these latter is hardly regulated at all. Industrial water management and the protection of the aquatic environment are closcly interrelated, forming a unit. Characteristic data of waste waters discharged into public sewers or into recipient water bodies are summarized in Table XL. showing also the penalties and charges. * * * Historischer Überblick über die Entwicklung der ungarischen Industrie und ihrer Wasserwirtschaft von Dr.-Ing. László KELEMEN lm Rahmen der während der vorigen Jahrhunderte stattgefundenen Entwicklung der ungarischen Industrie (Tabelle I) wird der Werdegang der industriellen Wssserwirtschaft vorgestellt. Als Ecksteine dieser Entwicklung werden die Ergebnisse der Auswirkungen der Welt- und Nationalwirtschaft und der Politik im Spiegel zeitgenössischer statistischer Daten analysiert. Dabei wird auch auf die Auswirkungen hingewiesen, welche eine zielbewußte wasserwirtschaftliche Tätigkeit der Industrie erzwungen haben. Im XIV. und XV. Jh. gab es in Ungarn nicht nur verschiedene hochentwickelte Gewerbe, sondern es gehörte auch unter die führenden Länder auf dem Gebiet des Salz-, Kohle- usw. Bergbaus, wie auch der Verarbeitung der gewonnenen Rohstoffe. Eine auf Wasserkraft basierende Quasi-Fabrikindustric hat sich entwickelt. Während der Türkenherrschaft wurde diese Entwicklung unterbrochen. Die Emtwicklung der eigentlichen Fabrikindustrie hat daher erst im zweiten Viertel des XIX. Jh. begonnen, wurde jedoch durch den verlorenen Freiheitsksmpf von 1848-49 wiederum unterbrochen. Zu einem wirklichen