Vízügyi Közlemények, 1994 (76. évfolyam)
4. füzet - Kuti I.: A vízszennyezési bírság alkalmazásának francia gyakorlata
408 Kitti István ME (MINISTÈRE DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT-France)-. L'État de l'environnement (Éditions 1987,1988, 1990). Ministère de l'Environnement, Paris, 1990. ME (MINISTERE DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT-Franceï. Orientations des Vl.ème programmes des Agences de Bassin. Ministère de l'Environnement, 1991. ME (MINISTÈRE DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT • France y. 1229 jours pour l'environnement avec Brice Lalonde (mai 1988-janvier 1992). Environnement Actualité, n°135 - janvier 1992. ME (MINISTÈRE DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT > France)-. La politique des déchets: un programme de rénovation adopté. Acteurs Environnement, №16- Février 1992. OCDE: Développement récents dans l'utilisation des instruments économiques pour la protection de l'environnement dans les pays de l'OCDE (Monographies sur l'environnement - №41. OCDE, Paris, 1991/a. OCDE: Politique de l'environnement: Comment appliquer les instruments économiques. OCDE, Paris, 1991/b. Oli\ry, D.(rapporteur): L'Utilisation des instruments économiques pour la protection de l'environnement en France (Rapport du Comité de l'environnement du goupe des experts économiques) (ENV/ECO/86. 10). OCDE, Paris, 1986. Opschoor, J.B. - Var, II. В.: Instruments économiques pour la protection de l'environnement. OCDE, Paris, 1989. Prud'homme, R.\ Le ménagement de la nature (Des politiques contre la pollution). Dunod, Paris, 1980. Sebillote, J:. La lutte contre la pollution des eaux par les nitrates. Perspectives Agricoles - № 169 - Mai 1992. Tomhácz E.-. A vízminőség-védelem gazdasági szabályozása Franciaországban. Magyar Vízgazdálkodás, 1989. * * * The French practice of applying water pollution charges by Dr. István KVTl, professor In France the Water Act of 16 Dec. 1964 had introduced new management principles in water management which were updated by the recent water act of 1992. The country is subdivided into six, geographically separated relatively independent main drainage basins and the technical- economic management system of the country relies on these basins, thus being tailored to natural processes. Management of aquatic resources and the protection of water quality is being carried out in the framework of the water authorities of these basins as well. The operative body of these authorities is the council of directors and strategic decisions in water management are being made by the water committee. Financial resources of the authorities stem from water utilization and water pollution charges (Table II.). Water pollution charges are being determined on the basis of six water quality constituents (suspended solids, oxidizable materials, dissolved solids, biological growth inhibitors, organicand ammonium nitrogen and total phosphorus, (Table Ш.) in proportion with the pollutant load discharged. The basin authorities detennine the charges on the basis of central guidelines. The range of fee-payers is gradually broadening and agricultural polluters have been recently involved. Water authorities make medium water management plans as well. Individual plans reflect well the priorities of environmental policies, taking into account the special features of the basin concerned. An important aspect (priority) of the sixth planning period, that started in 1992 and lasts until 1996, is the alleviation of nitrate pollution. From the point of view of environmental protection the French system of charges can be considered relatively efficient one. Improvement of water quality could not have been possible without stable means of financing which are different from the traditional financial techniques. The charges,
