„Múltunk építőkövei...” - Tanulmánykötet (Székesfehérvár, 2001)

ÖSSZEGZÉS

decisions of the king in particular cases when examining the possessory rights and gives motivation for further research. András Kubinyi also deals with the medieval rights of freedom in his study titled „Noble RightsA/illeins' Rights". The Bull is generally known to be in connection with noble rights. The author starts his study from this point when he analyses their freedom in medieval Hungarian society. First he goes through the status of villeins and asks whether they had any rights and how they worked. As far as the medieval villein village is concerned the most important thing was the person in possession of the land. The study shows us the structures and operation of local governments. He also mentions the common law of villages through examples in sources. He draws interesting conclusions from studying village courts and describes jurisdiction. Quoting foreign sources he compares Hungarian local governments with their European counterparts. Géza Érszegi also studies the above mentioned problem from another point of view. Ehe title of his study is the following: „They were Written in Seven Copies". He traces how the text of the Golden Bull survived centuries. The sealing and copying of diplomas go back to ancient Roman tradition.The intention behind this tradition was legitimation and to help it survive the centuries. The seven copies of the diploma were given to the pope, the king the chapters in Esztergom and Kalocsa, the palatine of Hungary, the Orders of Knights Templer and St. John. We learn about the history of the Bull and some other diplomas before the Bull. The two studies chosen from the conferences dealing with the history of finance cover a later period in history. Csaba Tóth analyses the extremely significant period of minting in the Anjou-period. This period is characterised by the practice used by the Árpád-dynasty, the fact of renewing money. New types of money -unknown in Hungary at that time- appeared in circulation in the market. Foreign currency was also present as means of payment. The author introduces the past research of the history of finance in the Anjou-period. Then he analyses the financial policy of Károly Robert and Lajos the Great and describes the changes of money circulation under their reigns. The study also mentions the system countermarked by Zsigmond of Luxembourg which can be regarded the organic continuation of the Anjou-period. The study of Attila Szemán introduces the practice and usage of coppers (copper-coins) from the second half of the 17th century to the beginning of the 18th century through the financial history of this period. He shows their history of the given period according to the three types used in practice. He also describes the background of this method of using money, the reasons, the side effects and the consequences. There is a separate subchapter about minting during the