Vajk Éva szerk.: Textil-és Textilruházati Ipartörténeti Múzeum Évkönyve (IX) 2001 (Budapest, 2001)

Domonkos Ottó: A gyöngyösi kalaposok, 1838

ing Sunday schools and protests to their general lack of education as the homeland would require better educated citizens for progress. He finds it unjust that guilds demand high sums for contracting apprentices and thus keep back a lot of people from learning a trade. A separate chapter deals with journeymen. According to Jablonszky, German journeymen are, after being released from apprenticeship, often forced to debauchery and meanness by their fellows as these enforce the costs of the "initiation" of journeymen. Solidarity and disobeyance to the master are considered as the greatest virtues. As an example he describes the story of the infamy (Schimpfung), when the journeymen of 0-Arad left the town for Temesvár. Unfortunately, here also the masters made a mistake by hiring these journeymen, albeit they knew of their being sentenced by the jury. The masters of O-Arad were allowed to hire journeymen only after having paid a fine. Some years later the same infamy occurred to the guild of Temesvár. The inquiries (Umfrag) at the hostels (Herberg) gave rise to fines and subsequent drinking. Jablonszky suggests better observance of the statutes of the guilds as well as education of journeymen and their being compelled to moral life. As far as the masterwork is concerned, he admits the masters' efforts to prevent the increase of their number by too high taxes and thus ensure their own living. On the other hand, he admits that this behaviour might give rise to dissatisfaction and revolts of the journeymen who are thus deprived of the chance of becoming masters. He considers it necessary to convoke a countrywide meeting of the guilds, where masters could formulate their general complaints and forward them to the Palatine or to the Council of the Governor-General. Jablonszky writes about the ill masters with compassion as they depend on the journeymen working with them. Requiring additional wages for better catering plunges the poor patient into ruin. Journeymen do not cover the expenses of nursing and help as prescribed by the guilds' statutes, moreover they leave their master. - As to funerals, Jablonszky objects to the burial feast that costs the widow one florin. She should not be compelled to pay, this should be done by people well off. - The widows' situation is even worse. If they keep journeymen, they must endure their claims and molestation and sometimes are constrained to marry them. Dishonoration of the workshop by unfounded accusation is not rare. It is inevitable to reduce journeymen to obedience. In a kind of epilogue Jablonszky admits that the statutes of the guilds in Hungary have slackened. He demands solidarity of Hungarian hat-makers and free travelling opportunities for Transylvanian journeymen. The first 30 years of the 19th century witness the beginning of the industrial revolution all over Europe, the number of licensed manufactures is increasing. As a consequence, small workshops became bankrupt, unemployment increased and emigration to western countries, to America and to eastern countries became a general phenomenon. After chasing of the Turks settling in villages was promoted in the latter countries even by central regulation, at the same time establishing of workshops was urged by the artisans themselves as well. A map shows the origin of the hatter journeymen who came to Hungary from German territory. The graph illustrates the percentage ratio of foreign and Hungarian journeymen in the 18th and 20th centuries. It is clear that the share of Hungarian journeymen improved as late as around 1840. After the compromiseof 1867 the number of Hungarian journeymen increased even more. Jablonszky's suggestions express the general opinion as KlauzáPs reform of the guilds from 1848 strived to regulate the guilds' situation in a similar way. Unfortunately guilds were dissolved in 1872 only. Jablonszky saw the problems with the eyes of a practising master and described the inner troubles of the guilds in an authentic way. His work can be considered, at the same time, as a description of a period.