Kiss Kitti: Kovácsolt és öntöttvas edények a magyar szabadtéri múzeumokban (A Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum tárgykatalógusai, Skanzen könyvek. Szentendre, Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, 2012)
Melléklet
Like in Europe, the early appearance of legged cast iron vessels is relating to water life in Hungary too; the three-legged saucepans of the ironworks in Munkács were mainly bought by raftsmen for cooking on rafts at the end of the 18th. 6 The article of Gusztáv Heckenast provides interesting information on the use of vessels at the end of the 18th c. 5 It says that the iron vessel factory in Vienna endowed by imperial privilegies—where cast iron vessels are thought to be manufactured—wanted to have the market conditions in Hungary explored by the council of governor-general. In its propaganda it emphasised the durability of its products against earthen vessels, the low price against copper vessels covered with tin as well as their harmless nature to health. The use of iron kitchen vessels is supposed to become common in Hungary—mostly in big cities and their vicinity and especially in Zemplén County in this period. The author says that these products were manufactured mainly in Vienna and Styria, however, traditional kitchen vessels were earthen and tinned copper around 1780. The housekeeping book of János Nagyváthy relating to the 1798s and published in 1820 listed wood, earth, china, tin, iron, copper and sheet iron vessels among kitchen vessels and he thought the cleaning of the small iron vessels to be the everyday chore of a good housewife. 6 Bequeth inventories of market-towns and craftsmen listed cast iron pans in the first decades of the 19th c. and they were more frequently listed among other metal vessels in the middle of the century. 7 An inventory in Cegléd in 1900 contained ..two blue iron" cooking vessels 8. Tibor Szenti, while examining property inventories in Hódmezővásárhely between 1880 and 1922, made mention of newly appearing enamelled vessels among the properties in 31 municipal residential homes. Among the dowry of two generations of a better-off military family in Háromszék and Kézdipolyán the dower letters contained only copper cauldrons in 1855 and cast iron brazen kettles, brazen pans and brazen vessels in 1879.' According to a study analysing the lifestyle and bequeath inventories of craftsmen in Pest-Buda, the entire vessel stock included wooden and iron vessels in this circle of society until the beginning of the 19th c.; open fires were ousted by cooking stoves and iron stoves in the middle of the 19th c. Kitchen utensils were the most varied in the 1830s and 1840s with faience, iron, wood and non-ferrous metal vessels. By the second half of the century the amount of kitchen utensils decreased; only cauldrons were made of copper and there were faience, tin and sheet iron vessels used mostly. 10 According to studies concerning the stone vessel and china industry and according to reports of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the spread of cast iron vessels in the 1870s made it difficult for ceramics, especially vessel-making industries and, consequently, several stone vessel factories closed down." In farming households cast iron vessels—legged vessels and pans alike—were in use on open fires and stove seats in smaller quantities in the second half of the 19th c. and became more common at the beginning of the 20th c. 12 Legged vessels were ousted as the stove seats were less often used for cooking and remained in use in barbecues, vineyards and exterior works. The common spread of cast iron vessels went parallel with the use of cooking stoves, especially layed stoves. Enamelled sheet vessels—"enamelled" refers to sheet vessels mostly—appeared between WWI and WWII, indicating that they had entirely replaced earthen vessels by that time. Vol. XX of the Journal of Ethnography includes materials about wide regions between 1900 and 1940—answers to the questionnaire titled Eating, kitchen, pantry and earthen vessels. This informs us that earthen cooking vessels gradually disappeared around 1900; the reason was that they were not appropriate for cooking on layed stoves. Earthen vessels used for purposes other than cooking were popular until the 1940s. 1 3 According to the article of Mária Kresz observing pot-making, pottery reached its peak during the 19th c. concerning the number of potters and the quantities of their products. Shortly afterwards pottery came to a national crisis, which can be explained by the spread of the products of the factories—enamelled and hard earthen vessels. The number of potters decreased nationwide—in 1890 there were 7094, in 1900 6450, in 1910 5587 and in 1955 only 112 of them pursued the trade. Several vessel-making centes with a great past provided their fair districts until WWI. Instead of the most important vessel used on open fires—linen pans—flat-bottomed pans used on cooking stoves started to spread all over the country even preceding WWI. U István Györffy, based on his collectings in Nagykunság and Tiszavidék in 1909, said that of the traditional trades pottery survived but enamelled iron vessels entered into competition. 1 5 Picture 2. Museum of Ethnography 63944. Cooking in 3 legged-pan. Mezőkövesd. Borsod County. Sándor Ebner. 1931 5 HECKENAST, G. 1971, p. 76-77 ' NAGYVÁTHY, J. 1820 7 BENCSIK, J. 1993, p. 156; KEMECSI, L. 2001, p. 199; SZABÓ, S. 1993, p. 68 "KOCSIS, Gy. 1988 9 KÓS, K, 1981, p. 476 1 0 DÓKA, K. 1975, p. 570 1 1 KATONA, I. 2001, p. 349 1 2 E.g.VARGA, Gy. 1993 p. 30; SCHWALM, E. 1975, p. 92; BALÁZS, Gy. 2001, p. 323 SZABÓ, S. 1997, p.63 1 3 FORRAI. I. - SZOLNOKY, L. 1 4 KRESZ, M. 1960, pp. 374-375 1 5 SZILÁGYI, M. 1984, p. 594 33
