Kiss Kitti: Kovácsolt és öntöttvas edények a magyar szabadtéri múzeumokban (A Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum tárgykatalógusai, Skanzen könyvek. Szentendre, Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, 2012)

Melléklet

IRON INDUSTRY I observe the histoy of the manufacturing of cast iron vessels'

6 in Hungary. The sources very rarely contain factual data on wrought vessels. According to the introduction on iron vessel-making of iron and metal industry statistics in 1898: ..Wrought iron vessels have been manufactured for a very long time and cast iron vessels have been made since iron founding became common. There is a cast iron pan in the Bavarian National Museum that is thought to be made in the 16th c. by Dr. Lajos Beck. Vessel founding developed mainly in the Netherlands and Germany. This industry was established in the first part of the 18th c. in England when Abraham Darby, realising its importance, started to manufacture iron vessels in his factory near Bristol with the help of Dutch iron founders. Unlike the traditional method, he used sand rather than clay moulds, which he learnt from one of his founders, John Thomas. Vessel founding was established at the beginning of the 18th c. in Hungary too

; a few iron facturies manufactured the vessels. Samu Modor founded buckets, oil containers and three-legged vessels in his workshop which had connections with the smelting works in Libetbánya in 1723. "

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7 According to Gusztáv Heckenast, the beginnings of vessel founding in Hungary were related to the establishment of the first big foundries.

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8 With the growth of the size of the ironworks and by reaching higher melting temperatures it became possible to make liquid raw iron" which is the precondition of manufacturing cast iron

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0 products. This significant technology innovation was borne in the countries west of Hungary several hundreds of years earlier; in Hungary foreign, mainly German experts were invited to develop it. Before the appearance of the big foundries iron was processed in forging mills

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1 in which malleable iron loaf was made from iron ore and it was processed by blacksmithing. In the forging mills saucepans were made besides spades, hoes and tools. The first real big foundry in Libetbánya in North Hungary worked between 1692 and 1696 with fiscal support where kitchen vessels were found besides mortars and canon balls. In 1723 Samuel Modori Keller organised the ironworks society which established a new foundry in Libetbánya in 1726 and thein in Pojnik in 1729; both manufactured cast vessels. Further factories that founded kitchen vessels in the 18th c. ' One type of cast iron vessels is uncoated, that is, raw cast iron; the other type is enamelled. First the vessels were enemelled only inside but there were vessels enamelled only outside. " SZTERÉNYI, J. 1901, p. 153 1

8 ..Big foundries are the most wide-spread type of furnaces in raw iron making. Raw iron is produced by reduction from iron ore. Reduction is made with the help of coal—mostly coke. Big foundries are furnaces with shafts to make raw iron." http://hu.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Nagyolvasztó ? ..Manufacturing raw iron is the first basic stage of the technological process of iron and steel smelting. Iron does not occur in its natural pure metal form—except meteors— therefore it must be produced from its ores with smelting technologies, in which oxigen is removed from iron ore—which is a mixture of iron-oxide componds—by reduction. Reduction is carried out with the help of coal, i.e. coke. Coke provides the proper temperature as well. Raw iron is produced in big foundries in special shaft furnaces but there are other tehnologies too." http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyersvasgyártás 2

0 Cast iron is the alloy produced by iron founding. Cast iron is made by smelting raw iron and scrap iron in shaft furnaces. It can be used to make moulds.

. http://hu.wikipedia.org/ were the following, in the order of their being equipped with foundries: Bogsán (1721), Rhónic (1760), Kislőd (1762) and Munkács (1780).

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2 Detailed data are available from Kislőd in the first industrial statistics which was made in small Hungary in 1 776

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3: ..There is an ironworks in Kis-Lőd with a foundry and a blacksmith shop. It processes fine and medium iron wrought in different ways every year —50,000-50,000 kgs at the price of 9 and 8 frt per 1,000 kgs

; vessels from cast iron in two qualities 9,0009,000 kgs, at the price of 9 and 8 frt per 1,000 kgs and 10,000 kgs iron for mortars at the price of 8 frt per 1,000 kgs.

" Further technological innovations were introduced in the first half of the 19th c.—hot air blowing, puddling furnace, coal heating—and by 1850 the small iron forging mills were almost entirely replaced by the more and more efficient big foundries. The use of cast iron kitchen vessels spread in the cities of Hungary at the end of the 18th c. and among the farmers in the second half of the 19th c.; they were probably used earlier near the manufacturing areas. Vera Peterdi observed the spread of kitchen vessels in the civic circles in the period of 1880 and 1965.

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4 Picture 3. Museum of Ethnography 8738. Kitchen with cast iron and enamelled sheet vessels. Kisújszállás. Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County. István Györffy, 1907. ENAMELLING Besides raw, uncoated cast iron vessels, enamelled cast iron vessels and then enamelled sheet vessels were in use in the 19th c. Sheet vessels were made by stamping or pressing. Enamelling was an early decorating technology; until the 18th c. mainly artistic and religious objects were enamelled. Enamelling iron vessels: ..Iron vessels were first enamelled in the factory owned by count Charles Einsiedel in Lauchhammer

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5 in 1785. However, it became more important between 1815 and 1820. Seeing the positive results, several German foundries soon started to enamel their iron vessels and while in Germany and Austria in 1824 besides the factory in Lauchhammer the factories in Gleiwitz, Horzowitz, Blansko and Troppau also dealt with enamelling, the factories in France and England could not property produce enamelled iron vessels even in 1828. "

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6 wiki/Öntöttvas 2

1 ..Forging mills are manufactures for rudimentary smelting and iron processing works. In the areas of Hungary rich in iron ore, wood and water power there were water-driven forging mills established as early as the 14th c. Forging mills are made of wood connected to wooden dams and coal chambers. The water damned up from the creek is let run onto the wheels through a flute, which moves the swing hammer through transmissions. The swing hammer is used to forge the products. The iron bars and iron strands are heated in the smelters of the forging mill. Bars, strands, tools and devices for the processing industries and the farmers were made in the forging mills. There were important forging mills in Borsod, Gömör and Szepes Counties, Transylvania and Hunyad in the 18th and 19th c." Lexicon of Ethnography, ..forging mill" 2

2 HECKENAST 1991, pp. 185-208 2

3 K. KARLOVSZKY, E. 1896, 1-2, pp. 43-52 2

i PETERDI, V. 1994 2

5 East Germany, Brandenburg 2

4 SZTERÉNYI, J. 1901, p. 154 36