Páll István: Szabolcs megye népi építkezése a XIX. század közepén (Szentendre: Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, 1987)

Helységnévmutató a térképekhez

RURAL ARCHITECTURE IN SZABOLCS COUNTY IN THE MIDDLE OF 19th CENTURY (Summary) We have tried to describe Szabolcs county's rural architecture before the peasants were liberated with the help of elaborating a conscription made in the 1840-ies. As this conscription was compulsory for those who were not nobles and nobles could take part in it voluntarily we think we have enough data to realize our aim. Our sources made it possible that we could make reconstructional researches we could evaluate phenomena quantitatively and we could see their spreading and rate of their variaties in the given age. In several cases we could tell the difference among the building style of different social layers and it made possible to show the same and different characteristics of them. Most data concerned living houses so we can deal with them in details. Concerning pit-houses we think though in 1840-ies there were some of them belonging to the poorest social layer in several villages their rata among all types of houses in the county was not considerable. The situation that is described by ethnographic literature in the 30-ies of our century due to the liberation of peasants and growing number of cottars. The number of pit-houses increased after the era we are dealing with. There are only few places where they build basis under the building. Buildings with flange were found in the north eastern part of the county-this shows connections to „Szatmár" and „Bereg" areas. Wooden floor has been found only in houses of rich noblemen Jewish tenants and priests but not in each room. In rural architecture clayfloor was prevalent. Concerning walls of houses we could use more data. During the analysis it turned out that earth walls were in majority in our territory. It is interesting and contradictory to researches until now that adobe wall was predominant in some places in our county in the given era. Their rata was over 50% in some settlements of Nyírség and Rétköz and it was over 80% in some settlements in Mezőség. There was a great number of variety in building materials. This can be seen in case of mud walls as well. Mud walls were used mainly in the central and southern part of Nyírség and in some settlements of Rétköz and Bodrogköz houses with mud walls were found in much higher proportion than the average. Houses with cob walls — that are also made of earth — are different from the foergoing only in the technique of building. These walls were built most of all in the northern part of the county near Tisza, in some settlements of Rétköz and in the central part of Nyírség, and there are some settlements where their rate is more than 50%. Wattle and daub houses could be found in the moory part of Rétköz, and in the central and eastern part of Nyírség as well. Their proportion was more than 60% in some villages. We can find wattle and daub houses in the building tradition of every social layer so that we can say besides adobe walls wattle and daub houses were the most widespread in the county. 134