Páll István: Szabolcs megye népi építkezése a XIX. század közepén (Szentendre: Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, 1987)

Helységnévmutató a térképekhez

We can find in some wet areas of Rétköz and Nyírség several houses with reed walls but their rate is very little according to other types of walls. Only wealthy people used stones and bricks for building. Mainly those among them who lived near to Keresztúr stone mine or coufd bake their own bricks. That's why their rate is the lowest among building materials. Wood as a wall building material could be found only in case of one building. There are some wooden framed buildings in the northern part of the county. Although ethnographic literature says wooden buildings remained for the longest time in this part of the county we think they didn't exist any more in the era we are dealing with. If we consider the connection between the material of walls and social layers it turns out that only well-to-do people could build walls of stones and bricks, even adobes in some settlements. Other people used walls of mud or cob instead. Reed was used by them as well. When examining roof construction we can see that living rooms had attics in our area in the given era with very few exception. But we know that halls and pantries didn't have attics. Material of beams and rafters were the same. In Rétköz hard wood was prevalent but they even used alder that grew in marshes. Attics were made of wooden boards even in the given era. This was dominant mainly in the villages near Tisza in the northern part of the county since wooden materials were cheap and easily available as they were transported by the river. The other important attic-material was reed, that was used also by every social layer. Its rate was more than 75% in most settlements, its use was prominant even when collecting data. Examining trussing we can see the houses have roof trusses with rafters only. Roof trusses with a top purlin could have been found in hole-houses — but we have no data of that in our inventory. They were recorded in farm buildings only. Oak and pine was used mainly in trussing. In Nyírség and Rétköz oak trees were dominant since they grew in that area. Pine trees did not grew there so they could be acquired only among wood transported by Tisza. It is not surprising that we can find pine trussing in a minor circle in some villages around Tokaj harbour. Pine trussing in the central part of Nyírség can be found only by means of trade. We know of villages where inhabitants transported wood by their coaches from harbours. That is why more expensive pine was used further from harbours only by well-to-do people. Taxpayers used other local material (e.g. oak) in their building. In Szabolcs county plant derivatives were used to cover the roof. Reed was most widespread in case of houses and farm buildings as well. There were buildings with reed covering in the villages. Their rata is between 6.4% and 99.5% in case of houses. Usage of the other water plant, bulrush was prominent in the north—west part of the county laying near the Tisza but according to the inventory it was used mainly to cover farm buildings and not living houses. Among cultivated plants straw is most important that is made of crop stem. This material was put an the roof in different shapes and with different techniques in the crop cultivating area of the county. We can tell the difference among various techniques by the help of data. Rank grass collected in nature similar to crop was used to cover roof in the ^en-