Bereczki Ibolya - Sári Zsolt: Ház és Ember, A Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum évkönyve 28-29. (Szentendre, Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, 2017)

PALÁDI-KOVÁCS ATTILA: Szilágysági lakóházak és gazdasági épületek az 1960-as években a Magyar Néprajzi Atlasz tükrében

Attila Paládi-Kovács

DWELLING HOUSES AND OUTBUILDINGS IN SZILÁGYSÁG IN THE I960S

On the basis of the author’s fieldwork on location, on the four search points of the Hungarian Ethnographic Atlas (Désháza, Bogdánd, Kraszna and Kémer villages) in 1967 and 1969 the paper presents the characteristic, typical forms of dwelling houses and outbuildings studied by him. The construction method of masonry (walls) built with different techniques is described in detail, especially the different ways of constructing house walls made of mud and earth and roofing made of wheat- straw. It was typical to build on sleepers a timber frame filled with wattle-and-daub, which was plastered with mud both on the inside and outside. The weight of the roof was held by the timber framed walls. The four planes of the roof looked like a tall tent (pic. I). Over the traditional cooking range there was a tiled fire place with a characteristic dome-like spark arrester. The smoke of the fire departed to the attic of the house, the house did not have a chimney (pic.2).

In the beginning of the 20th century the roof built together with a gable emerged, the use of adobe/mud bricks, as well as the porch with wooden columns (pic.5).

In the l920-30s well-to-do farmers built their porches with stone pillars (pic.6). The material of the roofing also changed: wheat-straw was replaced with fired clay tiles. The most important outbuildings included the barn built together with the stable and the hay frame (pic.7), the grain shed for holding grain crops (Hung, gabonás), the hay stack supported by wooden legs and the sheepfold (pics. 7-10). Wine was stored partly in the cellars built in the vineyard, partly in the village either in the cellars built under the dwelling house or under the grain shed (pics. 4 and 10). The huge wine press was characteristic of the region (Hung, medveprés), which was stored indoors (pics. 12-14). The remnants of the pressed grapes (Hung, törköly) were stored in pits covered with earth and used for distilling spirits called palinka. According to a source-work published in 1839 the juice of the grapes, the must also used to be stored in pits. Though the majority of grape juice has been stored and fermented in wooden barrels in cellars for centuries.

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