Cseri Miklós, Füzes Endre (szerk.): Ház és ember, A Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum évkönyve 18. (Szentendre, Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, 2005)

KNÉZY JUDIT: Mediterrán kertek hatása a Kárpát-medencében. Kertépítés, táplálkozási hatások a 19. századig

THE EFFECTS OF MEDITERRANEAN GARDENS IN THE CARPATHIAN-BASIN This study explains the importance of the path from Asia Minor through the Balkans in the spreading of cultivated plants and improved varieties in the Carpathian Basin from the age of Neolit on. Since the Migration of Hungarians into the Carpathian Basin in the early Middle Age the Hungarians accepted the local habits in agriculture, but they were also open-minded for the effects of Western European agriculture. From he Middle Age until the 18th century the role of innovations coming from Italian states in the building, the gardening culture and nutrition had become ever stronger. Syrmia - in Hungarian „Szerémség" - was one of the most important territory in farming, cultivating and improving plants from the Roman Age until the end of the Middle Age. After conquering their new land, the Hungarians learned the methods of a higher grade agriculture from monks, who were the presevers of the ansient agricultural knowledge. The gardens of the cloisters were built, structured and placed after the fashion of the ones in the Ancient Age. At the beginning these were hedged in gardens with fruit-trees, the herb garden with flowers and spices separated from the vegetables. The royal, noble and prelate gardens of the late Gothic Age and the Renaisance followed the Italian fashion thanks to the employment of Italian gardenbuilders and their Hungarian students and experts who learned their trade in Italy. The domestic and the decorative gardens had many designs, even the fishing lakes, vineyards, sport and hunting grounds were tended as gardens. Zsigmond of Luxemburg, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and king of Hungary, combined the late Gothic and the Renaissance style in the royal gardens. The gardens of king Mátyás Hunyadi were famous all over Europe. Even his father, the famous defeater of Turks, János Hunyadi employed gardeners and winegardeners from Raguza for his estates. The habits taken from elsewhere were formed into „Hungárián garden". The Italian seeds add seedlings, and the buildings of „orangeries houses" (glass houses) became very fashionable, just like growing plants in pots or in wooden chests. The gardens of Barocque style also contained such Italian gardens with „orangeries houses". The Italian gardening culture effected not only planted varieties, but the nutritional habits, too. The Italian cuisine, known all over Europe, introduced new dishes in Hungary. The boiled pastas and dumplings, the cooking and frying with oil, the salads, independent dishes, new cheese, vegetable, fruits and spice sorts and new fruit dishes became a part of the Hungarian cuisine. The standards of the nutritional culture also changed for better with use of higher tables and the use of separate plates and utensils for every dish.