Cseri Miklós, Füzes Endre (szerk.): Ház és ember, A Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum évkönyve 16. (Szentendre, Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, 2003)
SÁRI ZSOLT: Egy falu a 20. századból. A 20. századi épületegyüttes lehetősége a Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeumban
A VILLAGE FROM THE 20 th CENTURY FEASIBILITY OF A BUILDING COMPLEX FROM THE 20 th CENTURY IN THE HUNGARIAN OPEN AIR MUSEUM SZENTENDRE The basic concept of the Hungarian Open Air Museum includes the presentation of the Hungarian vernacular architecture, interiors and lifestyle in the 18 th —20 th centuries. As a consequence, the original project set World War I. as a time limit and the Museum engaged itself in the presentation of the classical peasant culture. After a few years however, this time limit was judged as inadequate, since the first fixed time segment was continuously opening up. This applied mainly to the furnishing: the typical interiors of the twenties, than of the thirties appeared, and certain houses displayed the lifestyle of the forties. All these illustrated still exceptionally the interiors of the changing Hungarian village. By the nineties, the need was articulated: the 20 th century should be dealt with in a more detailed, comprehensive way, which could be carried out only in an independent, separate building complex. The concept should enable us to follow up the changes occurred in the vernacular architecture, interiors and lifestyle from the 1880s up to now. Regarding the field of architecture, the regional differences and characteristics grew stronger by the end of the 19 th century. One of the directions, the village architecture followed, was the acceptance of town models, having as result modifications in the ground-plan, roof structure and smoke conduct. A remarkable example for this process is the L-shaped village house with a decorated gable. Numerous houses of this type are met at the Great Hungarian Plain. As a novelty, standard designs were applied at the turn of the century in villages too. Such houses follow the local, traditional architecture but a certain grade of modernisation is already present. This is the style of the today protected streets in Hollókő, Magyarpolány and Torockó. The economic depression and the flood between the two world wars were followed by an upswing in construction. An important group of Hungarian architects joined the trend and designed standard houses based on local traditions. The so called Faksz- and Oncsa-houses were designed by implementing standard rules in design and in the use of building materials. Credits enabled the owners in setting up the houses. The Ohész-houses built after the Second World War can be considered as a resumption of the mentioned projects. The building of the Ohész-houses between 1949 and 1951 was centrally organised and planned. The designs of the houses to be built in Bereg after the flood at the end of the 20 th century can be considered as the resumption of the idea of the Faksz- and Oncsahouses after more than a half-century. The design keeps the forms of the vernacular architecture in Bereg, and implements, at the same time, the technical possibilities and the needs of modernisation appropriate for our days. The new buildings often show the view of a traditional street. These houses might be those elements, which close down the village architecture of the 20 th century. The cubic house was the architectural type, which determined the view of the streets in the sixties and seventies. Cubic houses completely neglected former architectural traditions, local styles and types. Cubic houses shape today the image of the villages. The buildings on big surface (consisting generally of room-kitchen-roompantry-bathroom-toilet) completed by a veranda, having often a cellar underneath and covered by a tent-roof were made of bricks. As a result of new building types, of the modernisation and the technical progress, new objects and tools appeared, not without influence on the lifestyle. We mention here the electrical appliances, the running water and the modernisation of the heating system. Subsequently, the interiors, the dietary habits and even the use of leisure time underwent massive changes. It is important to study the communal buildings in our period too. Several building types appeared in the 20 th century, which became determining elements of the villages. I consider as important following buildings, since they were significant elements for the economic, social and cultural life of the community: 1. farm buildings, 2. buildings for cultural purposes 3. communal buildings. The presentation should treat the lifestyles of other social groups too, beside the peasantry: that of workers, intellectuals and gipsies - since these groups played also a role in the life of the villages
