Cseri Miklós, Füzes Endre (szerk.): Ház és ember, A Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum évkönyve 6. (Szentendre, Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, 1990)

GRÁFIK IMRE: Egy építészeti elem területi változatai (oszlopos előtornác - ún. koldusállás)

daß im Falle der Eingangslaube auf Säulen, des sogennanten Bettelstandes ein aus der Praxis der Baukunst (Schlösser, städtisch-bürgerliche Gebäude) ein bestimmtes architektonisches Element (das in der Wirklichkeit zusammengesetzt ist: Säule, Tympanon, Treppe, Parapet) durch gelernte Maurermeister in die Volksarchitektur (Bauernhaus, dörfisches Haus) mit anderen Traditionen adaptiert worden ist. Eine Zwischenstufe jedoch keine mittlere Stufe im Sinne der Entwicklung, der Evolution - bildet der Funktion und dem Maßstab nach (und selbstverständlich in gesellschaftlicher Hinsicht ebenfalls) das adelige und kleinadelige Herrenhaus. Die Asymmetrie der Eingangslaube auf Säulen, des sogenannten Bettelstandes im Vergleich mit dem gesamten Gebäudekörper und die große Zahl der Varianten widerspiegeln unserer Auffasung nach keine Entwicklungsstufe, sondern sie sind Ergebnisse der Anpassung an den im 19. Jahrhundert allgemein gewordenen „mitteleuropäischen Haustyp mit Kachelofenheizung" - unter verschiedenen gesellschaftlich - wirtschaftlichen Bedingungen und mit verschiedenen handwerklichen Kenntnissen. Sie sind also Realisierungen des architektonischen Gedankens, architektonischen Elementes auf verschiedenem Niveau. In der untersuchten Region kommt die Annahme zur Geltung, daß diese klassizistische Form (auch) nach steirischen Mustern, durch burgenländische Vermittlung zu einer, Besonderheit der ungarischen Volksarchitektur, zum Schatz der Volkskunst geworden ist. Imre Grafik TERRITORIAL VERSIONS OF AN ARCHITECTURAL FEATURE (PROTRUDING PORCH WITH PILLARS) The author starts from the fact, documented by the results of fieldwork and literature on the subject, that the limits of the occurrence in time and space of a particular formal, functional and structural feature of vernacular architecture, the porch, protruding from the wall-face of the dwelling house, i. e. the veranda of two, three or four columns or pillars („koldusállás" the begarrs stand, as the people of some rural regions call it) can be established. This study deals with the pattern of occurrence and the versions of the protruding porch in Western Transdanubia. As fa

r as we know it today, the oldest peasant house with such a porch, whose time of erection is demonstrated with reliable data, was built here in 1866. The latest examples date from between the two World Wars (1926). The earliest references to protruding porches concern schools and were written in the early decades of the 19th century. The apperarance of the columned or pillared protrudung porch in more and more places, the formation of its different versions, was in connection with the increasing use of solid walling materials (earth, adobe, or brock), with burnt brick architecture gaining ground, especially in the cases of clear types, matura from the architectural, formal and aesthetical points of view. On basis of the result of research it can be considered probable that in the case of the protruding porch we speak of the increasingly wide use of such an element of folk architecture which shows the influence of „high" architecture and various historic styles. Namely it is a case of applying, instinctively or consciously, a „rusticized" version of elements of the renaissance, baroque, neoclassic and eclectic styles in vernacular architecture. The author lays stress on conscious adoption where the most characteristic element and marks of a style are adopted in which at the same time such an architectural thought manifests itself with social, financial and aesthetical values are associated. These adoptions and adaptations were then multiplied by the owners and builders of houses in the process of being erected: nobles, petty nobles, peasant-burghers and peasants. The spreading of the protruding columned porch, as an element of folk architecture, in space and time, the various materials and structures of the so-called „begarr's stands", the differences in their shapes and forms lead us to the conclusion that the evolution, presupposed by the „exploratory" literature on the subject in more than one respect, did not exist. On the basis of research conducted up to now, we have come to the conclusion that in the case of the columned/pillared protruding porch a definite architectural feature (which is quite complex consisting of columns, typmanum, steps and parapet) has been adopted from the practice of „high" architecture (castles, town buildings inhabited by burghers) by skilled builders and introduced into vernacular architecture (peasant houses, village houses) which had different traditions. The stage between the two, which however is not the middle grade of an evolution, is the mansion of the noble or the petty noble both in respect of function and scale (and, of course, in social respect, too). The asymmetry of the „beggar's stand" in proportion to the mass of the building and the large number of versions do not reflect, in our opinion, the various stages of a development. It is the result of adaptation to the „Central-European stove-heated type of house" that had become universal during the 19th century, under various social-economic conditions and in possession of different degrees of skill, i.e. the realization of the given architectural thought, the execution of the architectural element in question on higher or lower levels. The idea has been brought forward that this neoclassic form in the region examined was orginally modelled on Styrian examples and one of the ways it arrived in the region to become a feature of Hungarian folk architecture was via Burgenland.