Claudius F. Mayer: From Plato to Pope Paul / Orvostörténeti Közlemények – Supplementum 17. (Budapest, 1989)

172 The limit for a city state is set at 5040. Already before PLATO, such ideas occurred to PH ALEAS of Chalcedon, and to HIPPODAMOS, architect in Miletos. ARISTOPHANES ridicules such ideas in his social comedy Ecclesiazuses (:The Parliament of Women), played first in 363 B. C. 173 PLATO: Laws-, XI. He also permits marriage between brother and sister (Laws, V.). 174 HIPPOKRATES: On the Sacred Disease: "It is not a divine disease. Its origin is hereditary.

.. where the father and mother were subject to this disease, certain of their offspring should be so affected also? As the semen comes from all parts of the body, healthy particles will come from healthy parts, and unhealthy from unhealthy parts." 175 HIPPOKRATES: On Airs, Waters, and Places. 14. See also HŐMMEL, H. (1927): Moderne und Hippokratische Vererbungstheorie. Archiv für die Geschichte der Medizin, 19: 105. Cf. also LATRONICO, N. (1966): Süll' concetto di ereditá nella storia etc. Castilia, 22: 54-77. 176 ARISTOTLE

: Politics. 177 Ibid., VII :4. Cf. also BARKER E. (1959): The political thought of Plato and Aristoteles, N. Y. Also BONAR, J. (1966): Philosophy and political economy in some of their historical relations, N. Y. 178 Cf. ARISTOTLE; Rhetoric, 11:15. "Being well-born, which means coming from a fine stock, must be distinguished from nobility, which means being true to the family nature.

.. a quality not usually found in the well-born, most of whom are poor creatures." 179 ARISTOTLE: Politics, 111:13: "Those who are sprung from better ancestors are likely to be better men, for nobility is excellence of the race." 180 Cf. his History of Animals, 1:17: "Children resemble their parents not only in congenital characters, but in those acquired later in life". See also NEWMAN H. H. (1921): Historical account of the development of the evolution theory. In his: Readings in Evolution, Chap. 2, 14. See also STIEBITZ, (1930): Ueber die Kausalerklärung der Vererbung bei Aristoteles. Sudhoffs Archiv, 23:332. Also FOTA PESSOA O. (1939-40): A noçäo de hereditariedade na antiquidade. Revista di flora Mediça, Rio, 6:633. 181 General DE GAULLE (1934): Army of the Future: "There has been no illustrious captain who did no possess taste and a feeling for heritage of the human mind. At the root of Alexander's victories, one will always find Aristotle". 182 BURY, J. B. (1902): A history of Greece, 2v. N. Y., See also JOUGUET, 1. c. footnote 90. The mass marriage occurred at Susa. He himself gave dowries to the Asian brides, and big presents to the 10.000 Macedons who on the same day in 324 B. C. celebrated their wedding. Alexander also planned the amalgamation of several cities in a single one, and the transmigration of persons from Asia to Europe, and vice versa. 183 Together with infanticide, PLATO considered them as private populations checks. ARISTOTLE also advised the exposure of deformed children. In his Politics, VII: 16, he writes: "Let there be a law that no deformed child shall live, but that on the ground of an excess in the number of children, if the established customs of the state forbid this (for in our state, population has a limit), no child is to be exposed, but when the couples have children in excess, let abortion be produced before sense and life have begun." In his doctrine, the male fetus quickened 40 days after conception, the female fetus after 80 days. 184 HANNAFORD, J. M. (1970): Abortion: crime or privilege. Proceedings of the Mayo Clinic, 45: 510. See also WASSERMANN, R. (1929): Die Verhütung der Empfängnis im Wandel der Zeiten. Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft, 16:555. Also ABORTION historically and ethnologically considered (1919) American Journal of Urology, 75:78 Also MILLAR 1. c. —

Also MOISSIDES, M. (1922): Contribution a l'étude de l'avortement dans l'antiquité Grecque. Janus, Leÿden, 26:59.—

Also Ł BERG J. (1910): Zur gynäkologischen Ethik der Griechen. Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, 13:1. HIPPOKRATES did not want to do anything with voluntary abortions. Most of his described cases were involuntary miscarriages. 185 Among them the best known are: 1.) THEOPOMPOS, historian of Philip of Macedonia; 2.) HECATEUS, of Abdera, who described the people of Helioxia in the northern ocean who live 1000 years, and thereafter, when tired, they jump into the sea

; 5 J EUHEMEROS, who described the island of Hiera; 4.) IAMBULOS described the inhabitants of an island who live healthy for 1500 years. Deformed, maimed, and sick persons must commit suicide, just as the old ones who lie down on a narcotic plant which puts them into mild sleep and death. This appears to be the first suggestion of euthanasia. The work is a Stoical counterpiece to the Platonic ideal state. 57