Claudius F. Mayer: From Plato to Pope Paul / Orvostörténeti Közlemények – Supplementum 17. (Budapest, 1989)

386 187 ,188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 58 Quintus METELLUS, censor, urged laws to compell citizens to marry. Cf. LIVY. Epitome IX

: "censuit, ut cogerentur omnes ducere uxores liberorum creandorum causa": From among those whose ancestors were selected to the senate still by Romulus or Brutus (800-y. old families) very few were left in the 1st century B. C. In 55 B.C., there were 43 patrician senators from 12 "gen es" [FRIEDLAENDER, L. (1934): Sittengeschichte Roms, Wien]. From the Trojan families (times of Aeneas) there were still 50 at the end of the Republic. (Ibid.) Genealogies and pedigrees reaching into mythology were not few. Greek scholars were ready to prepare them. The family of the Claudiañs reached to the start of the Republic. They were a family of eminent men

: 22 consuls, 5 dictators, 7 censors, 7 great and 2 minor triumphs, etc.

—JUVENAL ridiculed the preparation of long genealogies (Satires, VIII): "Yet, after all, however far you may trace back your name, however long the roll, you derive your race from an ill-famed asylum; the first of your ancestors, whoever was, either a shepherd or something that I would rather not name." Cf. STANGELAND, 1. c. footnote 80, 31. Also PUFENDORF, 1. c. footnote 6, 847. The censors CAMILLUS and POSTUMIUS lived fine ("uxorium" ) on citizens who grew old in single life. PLUTARCH states (In the life of CAMILLUS

) that "as the wars had many widows, Camillus obliged such of the men as lived single, partly by persuasion, and partly by threatening them with fines, to marry the widows". DIONYSIUS, II

: 28, mentions that Romulus prohibited the murder of sons and first-born daughters. When the Fabii were near extinction, the Lex Gentilicia decreed that every child born must be reared. Cd. also BOTERO G. (1589): Ragione di Stato

: "At the height of Roman greatness men's generative powers were just what they were at the beginning of Rome, yet the people did not grow in proportion; the nutritive powers of the city could not go farther; so that in the process of time, the inhabitants, not having a greater supply of food, either did not marry, or if they married, their children found themselves in less comfort, or in actual want, and they went abroad for better luck. The Romans, for this case, made choice of the poorest citizens and sent them to Colonies, where like transplanted trees they might better their condition and comfort, and so multiply." PLUTARCH, in comparing Lycurgos and Numa Pompilius; see also FRIEDLAENDER, 1. c. footnote 186, who gives the ages 13 to 17. Lately, DURRY had several articles on this problem, stating that Roman girls married before puberty. COOPER, T. (1841): The Institutions of Justinian. 2. ed., N. Y., Appendix I, Twelve Tables. Table XI: Law XII: "The poniifices punish incest with death." BON AR, 1. c. footnote 177, 99. COOPER, 1. c. footnote 190. Twelve Tables: Table XII: Law V. ROSENBERG, A. (1930): Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts. München, 56. SENECA; On Benefits, IV: 35: ".. .1 have no right of intermarriage with foreigners.

.." WATSON G. R. (1969): The Roman soldier. Ithaca. Originally 5'10 "for the leading cohorts of the legion, the acceptable height of recruits had to be reduced to 5'5" in the 4th ct. A. D. (Cf. THEO DOS AN Code, VII: 13, 3). CICERO

: De Republica (On the Commonwealth). Ibid.

, V: 15; cf. Scipio's dream. Ibid., II: 22, 40. A. A "proletarius" is one who served the State, not by his non-existent wealth, but by his numerous offspring (=probles):.

.. "qui aut non plus mille quingentos aeris aut omnino nihil in suum censum praeter caput attulisset, proletarios nominavit, ut ex iis quasi proles, id est, quasi progenies civitatis, exspectari videretur." See also BERGER A. (1953): Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law. Philadelphia. SUETONIUS: Julius Caesar, cap Iii:

—Caesar wanted to have a law passed making it lawful for him to marry what wives he wished, and as many as he wished for the purpose of begetting children. In his agrarian law he ordained that the Campanian lands be held only by citizens having at least three children. The outstanding laws, passed about 19 to 17 B. C, were: I.) Lex Julia de maritandis ordinibus; 2.) Lex Julia de ađųlterĥs et de pudicitia; 3.) Lex Papia Poppaea. The latter limited the marriage age to 60 for men, to 50 for women (later abrogated by JUSTINIAN Code V: iv, 27). PLINY jun.

: Epistolae vii: "Cupis enim patriam nostram omnibus quidem rebus augeri, maxime civium numero"—he writes to TRAJAN. CICERO: De legibus, III: 8. See also COOPER, L. C. footnote 190. On Table IV, Law III reads: