J. Antall szerk.: Medical history in Hungary 1972. Presented to the XXIII. International Congress of the History of Medicine / Orvostörténeti Közlemények – Supplementum 6. (Budapest, 1972)
M. Vida: State-Models (Utopias) and Sociology of Medicine
M. Vida : State-Mo dels (Utopias) . 27 could be sliced criss-cross and a new single organism regenerates from each part .. ." 50 The discovery of Trembley gave a new direction of natural philosophy, the first step — the autogenÿ, Bonne's and the box-theories, as a result of preformation (théorie d'emboitement) ; the epigenetic doctrine of Wolff etc. — with their naivity all enhanced the development of biology. Evenmore, one of the first formulations of gen theory is the merit of Louis Moreau de Maupertuies b l. In spite of all efforst the concrete natural sciences' biology, physiology and medicine were on a lower stage in France at the age of enlightenment. The fact that the French enlightenment after all became so internationally significant in the forthcoming natural scientific way of thinking, "was not a consequence of the exact learning of biologists, but owing to rationalist hesitation and critical douts of philosophers, furthermore the achivement of the naturalist view/' 5 2 This effect could be felt in the position of developing biology in the last decade of the century. The Utopian socialists, firstly Saint-Simon and including Lamark, who established the classical theory of phylogenetics, educated by the natural philospher Cuvier, the master of comparative anatomy and paleonthology ; Bichat, who inaugurated histology; Vicq-d'Azyr, the brain anatomist; and finally Cabani, who discussed integral activity of spirit and body; their works were directed by the modern biological view. The biology became a weapon in the fight for the improvement of the society. Saint-Simon (1760—1827), as a young man, already decided that he would study the development of human mind, and make an effort to help the perfection of civilization with it. Although no coherent theoretical work was done in his studies, following Plato's Utopia, he wanted to sommit state-government to scientist. According to physiology this got a primary part in the rank of sciences. He regularly attended the lectures of philosphers of the medical faculty and declared himself as a follower of D'Alambert, the father of the encyclopaedists. The encyclopaedists critizied the past, however Saint-Simon's aim was to organize the future. 5 3 His philosophical system attached importance to "sciences deal with the human being", namely the physiology and psychology, and these sciences must be "positive" like physics, chemistry and astronomy. In spite of his naivity, he devised a genial scientific research program, in which the union separated theory and practice came in sight. 5 4 5 0 Benedek, I. : Természettudomány a francia felvilágosodásban. (Natural Sciences in the Idea of French Enlightenment.) Bp. 1965. 10 p. — The name : "habarniça" was offered by Grossinger, János as a Hungarian name, Réaumur found better to call it octopus. This living creature is called hydra today. 5 1 Maupertuis, L. : Venus physique ou Dissertation philosophique á l'occaison de Négre-blanc. 1745. The work was published without name. 5 2 Benedek op. cit. 33 p. 5 3 Saint-Simon, C. H. : Nouveau Christianisme. Paris, 1832. — Hist last work was written in 1825. 5 4 Nyilas, V. : Bevezetés. (Introduction.) Saint-Simon, C. H. Válogatott művei. Ford. Justus Pál. (Selected Writings. Translated by P. Justus.) Bp. 1963. 13 p.
