Antall József szerk.: Orvostörténeti közlemények 89-91. (Budapest, 1980)

TANULMÁNYOK - Schultheisz, Emil: A középkori magyarországi egyetemek és kapcsolatuk Krakkóval (angol nyelven)

permitted to remain in their pristine state, but were submitted to exactly the same process to which their Aristotelian and Galenic models. As a type of Mediaeval University we may take Bologna, as a spiritual precursor of both of Cracow and the university of Pécs in Hungary established three years later. While Bologna, Paris, Padua remain the most important medical schools of Western and South Europe, Cracow and Vienna were about to take leading places in the history of medicine in Central Europe. The phenomenon of Renaissance, which began at about the end of the 14th century and reached its climax some two hundred years later, flourished in Buda University only during four decades, influenced by the spiritual development Cracow University, too. Renaissance medicine did not consist merely in a revival of the ancient classic culture of Greece and Rome. It was also a change in the entire outlook of thinking men, who sought to escape from the "tyranny" of dogmatic scholasticism, and from the traditional limitations of the Church. Nevertheless limitations of the Church were not so wrong in medical life — neither in the Middle-Ages nor in the Renaissance, as commonly described. The separation of potestas ordinis et potestas jurisdictionis in canonic law ensured some possibilities for priests in medical praxis and teaching. It is not easy to reconstruct the history of Hungarian universities — especially medical faculties — in the Middle-Ages. The stormy events of war have swept away the records of the past. On August 29, 1526 the Hungarian army suffered a crushing defeat from the preponderant Turkish forces on the battlefield of Mohács. This disaster was followed by the 150-year Turkish occupation of Hungary during which the country was torn into three parts. In this period, the greatest part of our archives were destroyed. Centuries later, however, numerous records could be collected and saved for posterity. Based on remaining and published documents and on my own researches I will try to give a short picture of medical teaching in my country in the late MiddleAges with special reference to the influence received from Cracow University (Medical Faculty). Two letters — dated 1192 — written by the Rector of the University of Paris Stephanus Tornacensis to King Béla III. mentions Hungarian students of medicine. A "stúdium particulare" or academy, in which medicine was taught, existed in the City of Esztergom since the 12th century. In the Bull of Pope Boniface IX (1399) dealing with the students of that place there are some data and even the name of the instructing master is mentioned : "Johannes Marci, cannonicus ecclesiae strigoniensis et archidiaconis Borsensis ... antiquior pro tempore et dicto Collegio theologiae, medicináé vei artibus magist er". In one of the bulls, issued by Pope Innocent IV in 1246, reference had been made to French, Italian and Hungarian universities. Obviously the Academy of Veszprém can be meant here, which — it is supposed — had developed from the local chapterschool presumably during the reign of King Béla III (1148-1196). No doubt in Veszprém was a stúdium generale, based on the educational principles of Paris ("prout Parisiensis in Francia"), in the 13th century under the reign of King Ladislaus IV (1276). But in my own opinion, it did not develop from this above mentioned chapter-school. No university arose from the mere expansion of a cathedral school proper into a Studium generale, but rather from the concentration of masters and