1980 HUNGARIAN CENSUS OF POPULATION Summary data (1984)

II. SUMMARY

ades as a result of various social-economic changes, the number of active earners rose by 7 8 percent, the number of inactive earners rose thirty-fold, the number of dependants dropped by more than one eight. The employment of working age men is full since several decades. In earlier decades there was considerable labour force reserve among women, but today full employment is almost achieved also among women. The composition of active earners by age and educational level changed in accordance to the tendencies characterizing the whole population. - The change in the distribution of active earners by branches of industry in the past ten years diverged from the past trend: between 1970 and 1980 the proportion of industrial workers already decreased. In agriculture the fall was smaller than in the sixties, in the other branches of industry - mainly in the service sector - the number of active earners increased. - In the change of the occupational structure of the active earners - considering the two principal groups - the trend that characterized the previous ten years went on: there was a further decrease in the proportion of manual workers, and at the same time the proportion of nonmanuals increased. The decrease in the number of manuals was caused by the fall in the number of agricultural manuals and by the fall in the number of unskilled workers. Simultaneously the number of those in manual jobs where some sort of skill was needed showed a fairly considerable increase. Among the nonmanuals, the rapid growth of the number of those pursuing technical occupations lessened, but the growth rate of the number in the health service and in cultural jobs fastened. The rise of the number in administrative occupations slowed down considerably by 1980 in comparison to the earlier decade. - In the course of the past decade the change in the distribution of the working force by various skills showed favourable tendency. Since 1960 the number of the skilled workers doubled, and as a result of this by 1980 39 out of a hundred active earners had at least one skill while twenty years before only 24 had. The earlier considerable difference between the two sexes in the level of qualification has not decreased significantly in the course of the past twenty years: in 1980 the majority of the male active earners had some qualification, while among the active females the proportion of skilled was only 18 percent. Two thirds of the skilled active earners learned the skilles of the occupation in vocational schools. The change in the composition of skilled active earners by age showed favourable tendency in the course of the past decades; two fifths of them are under 30, 20 years ago 30 percent of them were under 30. The restructuring of the economy and the development of the large scale agricultural industry had considerable impact on the occupational structure of the skilled active earners. Over the last twenty years the proportion of skilled workers employed in manufacture and construction decreased to 69 percent of all skilled employees. The employment of women is still concentrated to a fairly considerable extent to occupations, that are traditionally female occupations. In 1960 nine tenths of skilled active earners had manual occupation and one tenth had nonmanual occupation. By 1980 this proportion - in accordance to the general tendency - altered in favour of the nonmanuals: 83 percent of skilled employees had manual jobs and 17 percent of them had nonmanual jobs. In 1960 61 percent of the skilled employees in manufacture pursued the occupation he or she was trained for, this proportion rose to 65 percent by 1980. The same tendency can be observed in the building industry: in 1980 83 percent of the skilled workers in construction pursued the trained occupation, this rate was 70 percent in 1960. 51 percent of the relatively few skilled workers in agriculture do not pursue the occupation they were trained for, but do something else. The utilization of skilled employees in transport improved during the past two decades, in accordance with the growing need for such qualifications. In 1980 four fifths of those having trading or catering industrial manual qualifications pursued the trained occupation, one fifth did other jobs. The utilization of skilled employees in the service sector improved since 1960, but the number of those leaving the occupation they were trained for is still considerably high. The utilization of skilled employees show significant differences by sex: men have more inclination for pursuing the occupation they were trained for than women. 8