1980 HUNGARIAN CENSUS OF POPULATION Summary data (1984)

II. SUMMARY

In 1980 16 percent of the workers with various skills had jobs classified semi- or unskilled. The composition of male manuals by the qualification level of their effective occupations is more favourable than that of the females. The composition of the skilled manual active earners by branches of industry is basically determined by the fact, that their activities are bound to production processes. Thus the great majority (88 percent) of them are employed in the material branches, and only a relatively small proportion of them are employed in non material branches, like the service sector. In 1980 12 percent (243 000) of all the skilled active earners (manuals) had two specialities, this number is three-fold of the number of 1960. - In the beginning of 1980 almost one fourth of all the active earners worked in a settlement different from the settlement where he lived, in other word commuted. In the course of the past decade parallel with the moderate rise of the number of active earners, the number of commuters rose considerably. The proportion of men and women in the observed increase of the number of commuters since 1970 is half-half. The increase was most considerable in the age group 40-54. Relatively more unmarried took the burden of commuting than others. Among the active earners of the different branches of industry - similarly to 1970 - most of the commuters belonged to the transportation and communication branch. The educational level of the active earner commuters is lower than that of the noncommuters. During the last decade - similarly to the active earners as a whole - among the commuters fell the proportion of the manuals and rose the proportion of the nonmanuals. Among the manuals those employed in construction commuted most; two fifths of the pursuers of such activities worked at settlements different from the settlement of their residence. Among the wage-earners of nonmanual occupations the technical nonmanuals commuted most, those in the health service and the cultural field commuted least. The territorial distribution of commuting have become more balanced, this is indicated by the stagnating number of those working in Budapest and living elsewhere, the number of those commuting to the other towns rose by 126 000 (29 percent) and the number of those commuting to working places at villages rose by 114 000 (34 percent) comparing to 1970. In the labour force supply of Budapest the 43 settlements belonging to the agglomeration around the capital play principle role: half of the 205 000 daily commuters to Budapest were recruited from the working age population of these settlements. - The change in the class structure of the active earners in the course of the past ten years was relatively moderate in comparison to the earlier decades. The increase of the working class, the professionals and other nonmanuals was considerably smaller than earlier, the growing trend in the number of peasants belonging to agricultural cooperatives observed in the sixties, turned into a decreasing trend. The composition of the working class by qualification changed favourably. - Only slight changes can be observed in the class structure of the households between 197 0 and 1980. Among the homogeneous household the proportion of the working class households somewhat rose, the increasé in the relative weight of the professional and other nonmanual households was slightly higher, while the proportion of the agricultural cooperative households decreased. Among the heterogeneous households (mixed households) the majority are still working class - professional - other nonmanual households and working class - agricultural cooperative households, although the proportion of these households has shown a slight decrease since 1970. - By 1980 the size of the households decreased considerably, because the growth in the number of the households exceeded considerably the growth in the number of these living in the households. - The main characteristic of the composition of the households is, that the great majority of the households are family households, though in the seventies the growth in the number of the family households was considerably less than the growth in the number of the non-family households. Among the later mainly the number of the single per son-households grow significantly. Among the family households the number of the one-family-households increased at the first place, especially the number of those households increased that are without any relative or alien person. The number of households without any active earner have also increased, there are only inactive earners in these households. - The average family size has been showing continuous decrease since decades, though in the seventies the pace of the decrease was more moderate than in the earlier decades. The family size is related to the change of the number of children. In the seventies the number of families with9