1980 HUNGARIAN CENSUS OF POPULATION Summary data (1984)

V. THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMPLOYMENT, CHANGE IN THE COMPOSITION OF ACTIVE EARNERS

1 million 100 thousand manuals had secondary school certificate. Besides there was a considerable rise (156 thousand) in the number of those who had completed primary education as highest education (their proportion is 43 percent). At present 80 percent of the nonmanuals have at least secondary education, out of which 26 percent have higher education, ten years earlier the respective proportions were, 66 and 20 percent. In the meantime the proportion of those who had 8 grades of primary education as highest education fell from 28 percent to 19 percent. THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THOSE WITH MANUAL QUALIFICATION, THE RELATIONS BETWEEN QUALIFICATION AND OCCUPATION The positive change that occurred in the qualification composition of the labour force is expressed among others in the general improvement of the educational level, in the increase of the number of people with secondary and higher education, and in the increase of the number of people with manual qualification. The number of those with vocational school certificate doubled in the past twenty years, in 1980 2 million 503 thousand people had at least one manual qualification, and today the proportion of them in the 15 years old and older population is 30 percent, contrary to the 17 percent in 1960. The composition of those with manual qualification by economic activity changed in the past twenty years in correspondence with the general tendency, which means that the proportions shifted in favour of the inactives. In 1980 two fifths of all active earners (996 thousand) had at least one manual qualification, while twenty years earlier their proportion was less than one fourth. Parallel with this since 1960 there was also a considerable increase in the number of those who acquired the second manual qualification. In 1980 243 thousand active earners had at least two manual skilled certificate. The economic activity composition of the 15 years old and older population with manual qualification Economic activity Those with manual qualification Index: 1980 1960=100.0 Those with manual qualification in percentage of the respective economic activity Economic activity number (in 1 000) percenta ge Index: 1980 1960=100.0 Those with manual qualification in percentage of the respective economic activity Economic activity 1960 1980 1960 1980 Index: 1980 1960=100.0 1960 1980 Active earners 1 112 1 996 89.4 79.7 179. 5 23. 5 39. 4 Inactive earners 81 469 6. 5 18.8 581. 2 18. 5 21. 3 Dependants 51 38 4. 1 1.5 73. 8 2.3 3.5 Total 1 244 2 503 100. 0 100. 0 201. 2 16.7 29. 9 The earlier difference in the field of qualification between the two sexes did not decrease in the course of the past two decades. Despite the larger extent increase in the number of women between 1960 and 1980 than of the men, the number of qualified women grew by 370 thousand and the number of qualified men by 890 thousand. The difference between the two sexes in the field of qualification appeared sharper among the active earners than in the population. As a result of the changes in number, in 1980 the majority of active earner men were skilled worker (their proportion rose from 32 percent to 57 percent during the two decades), while the proportion of skilled worker women was 18 percent among the employed women in 1980 contrary to the 9 percent proportion in 1960. Two thirds of the qualified active earners were trained in vocational schools (the older aged in apprentice schools), 4 percent of them were trained in specialized secondary schools. The rest learned the skills while already employed, they attended courses and passed exams and so got their skilled worker certificates. Close to three fourths of the qualified acquired certificate since 1961. The changes in the structure of the national economy and the formation of the large scale agricultural industry, the progress that demanded more expertise influenced the composition of qualified active earners by nature of qualification groups. The development of the staff by the nature of quali103