1980 HUNGARIAN CENSUS OF POPULATION Summary data (1984)
V. THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMPLOYMENT, CHANGE IN THE COMPOSITION OF ACTIVE EARNERS
fication indicates, that besides the development of industry and building industry the more labour intensive branches like trade, catering industry and service came into prominence in the seventies, the growing person and freight transportation and the modern agriculture needed considerable amount of qualified experts. By 1980 the proportion of those with industrial and building industrial skilled certificate fell among all qualified active earners, but their 69 percent proportion means that they still constitute the vast majority. The composition of qualified manual active earners by qualification groups Main manual qualifications Qualified manual active earners Index: 1980 1960=100.0 Main manual qualifications number in 1 000) percentage Index: 1980 1960=100.0 Main manual qualifications 1960 a ) 1980 1960 a ) 1980 Index: 1980 1960=100.0 Manufacture 704 1 022 63. 3 51. 2 145. 1 Construction 188 350 16. 9 17. 6 186. 4 Agricultural 9 73 0. 8 3.6 848. 8 Trade, catering industry 44 200 4. 0 10. 0 454. 3 Service 35 40 3.2 2. 0 112.7 Total 1 112 1 996 100. 0 100. 0 179. 5 a) Partly calculated data. In the past decade the need for qualification was growing especially among the young. More than half (53 percent) of the increase in the number of qualified active earners in the past two decades took place among those under 30. If we look at the age composition of qualified active earners by qualification groups, we find that in the fashionable' qualifications the proportion of the young is higher than the average, while in certain qualification groups the age composition is very unfavourable. In 1980 the proportion of tire young was between 53 and 59 percent in qualification groups like motor technician, electrician, quality supervisor, builder which well exceeded the national average (40 percent). There are qualifications which are not popular arhong the young, these are for example qualifications in mining, metallurgy and the chimney sweeper. In 1980 the age structure in these qualification groups were the most unfavourable: the proportion of those under 30 was only between 10 and 19 percent, and at the same time the majors ity of them (51-58 percent) belonged to 40 years old and older generation. The age composition of qualified active earner women - due to the growing employment and training of women in the past two decades - is more favourable than of the men. In 1980 7 2 percent of the women with skilled certificate were under 40, while the respective proportion for men is two thirds. Women inclined to choose such qualifications which entitled them to fulfil traditionally female occupations. In 1980 263 thousand out of 378 thousand active earner women with skilled certificate had textile industrial, shop assistant, catering industrial or service qualifications.lt is true that there are more or less women in every qualification group, but in the characteristically male qualifications the proportion of women is insignificant. The educational level of the qualified active earners reflects the educational reform in vocational training introduced two decades ago. According to the reform the certificate for skilled worker was classified secondary education. So in 1980 two thirds of the qualified had at least secondary education, and only 8 percent was the proportion of those who had not completed primary education. The women with manual qualification is more educated than the men, this comes from their more favourable age composition. The technological-economic progress, the growing requirements towards service activities, the more complicated production processes all mean the widening need for qualified workers, and besides these, the need for acquiring qualification is growing also among the population. In 1980 already 47 workers out of a 100 had qualification, twenty years earlier only 25 had qualification. Besides this the proportion of nonmanuals who required some kind of manual qualification rose from 14 percent to 22 percent. In 1960 nine tenths of those with manual qualification worked in manual jobs for both sexes and one tenth worked in nonmanual jobs. By 1980 there was a shift in the proportions - especially in the case of women - in favour of the nonmanuals: in 1980 already 15 percent of the manual qualified men worked in nonmanual jobs, the respective proportion is one fourth for the women. In 1980 almost two fifths of the manual qualified women in nonmanual jobs were employed in clerk occupations, the respective proportion for the men is less than 10 percent. 104
