Regenye Judit: Kő és agyag. Település és életmód a neolitikum-rézkor fordulóján a Dunántúlon (Veszprém, 2011)
Összefoglalás
opposed to a cyclical settlement movement, according to this theory, the earlier established villages were not abandoned. The order of the establishment of the Szentgál Füzi-kút, the Ajka and the Városlőd settlements is not clear. A single datum can perhaps help: the ratio of handles starting from the rim is astonishingly low at Ajka, and incised ornaments are also less frequent. This may imply that Ajka was the second in the row, although such a minimal divergence is not a safe proof. It can also be asked if the separation of Szentgál-Teleki-dűlő is really due to chronological reasons. All the differences observed in the ceramic material are sensitive markers of chronological differences, which supports this supposition. Apart from these features, the mass of the ceramic material shows a high level of homogeneity, which suggests that we cannot speak of isolated communities. The distribution of the sites attests to a conscious planning: the roads around the mines were not accidentally occupied but in an organised manner. LATE LENGYEL CULTURE IN TRANSDANUBIA Spatial and chronological borders of the late Lengyel culture Except for the south-eastern part of Transdanubia, the sites of the late period extend all over the occupation zone of the Lengyel culture in Hungary including the territory east of the Danube. There were also new settlements established where none had earlier existed. An example that can be cited is the above-described settlement group in the centre of Transdanubia, and the situation is the same in the case of the other workshop centre in the Zirc region in the Bakony. (Regenye 2000; Biró-Regenye 2003,2007). The final phase of the Lengyel culture is characterised with expansion (Raczky 1974, 209; Kalicz 2001, 8). This expansive feature is manifested in the extension of the borders of the occupation territory since the culture reached its largest extension at the time of the late Lengyel period and it exercised influence on the neighbouring territories as well where no Lengyel sites had existed in the classical phase of the culture. The expansive character also appears in the occupation of the inner until then uninhabited territories. We have 14C data of the late Lengyel phase first of all from the territory of Austria (Stadler 1995; Stadler-Ruttkay 2007). A series of data are also known from Zalaszentbalázs in Transdanubia (Hertelendi 1995, 105-107). In the region of Szentgál, the clay soil destroyed the animal bones and only a single date could be determined from an animal bone from Szentgál-Teleki-dülő, which was 4430-4340 BC. A single date cannot really be compared, yet we can correlate it with other data. According to Peter Stadler’s recent summary, the concept of MOG lib was narrowed down with grouping Michelstetten in phase Ha. Phase Ha, accordingly, existed between 4550/4495-4405/4345 BC, while phase lib is dated from 4405/4345—4180/4050 BC (Stadler-Ruttkay 2007, 130, Table 7). The isolated date from Szentgál can be fit into this time range. Comparison with the Tisza region is indispensable when we want to know the chronology of the late Lengyel ceramics of Transdanubia. Hungarian archaeological research generally agrees that Lengyel III is contemporary to the Tiszapolgár culture (Raczky 1974, 207; Kalicz 1991, 350; Kalicz 1994, 270; Bánffy 1995, 180). Lengyel lib, which is strongly related to Lengyel III, precedes this culture and so it must be contemporary to the Proto- Tiszapolgár horizon. The same trend can be observed in both cultures on the level of ceramics: the gradual decrease of painting and the appearance of motives that would become dominant in a later period in both the Lengyel lib and the Proto-Tiszapolgár phases (Kalicz-Raczky 1984, 133). The analysis of the materials of the Lengyel settlements in the Szentgál region seems to definitely prove that phases lib and II cannot be differentiated: these two phases together form the late phase. The features that characterise phase III appear in phase lib like handles starting from the rim and the characteristic large knobs. Cultic finds of the late Lengyel culture A few cultic objects made of clay deserve attention from among the ceramic objects. It is difficult to tell with certainty what objects can be determined as items used during cultic events and what was regarded to possess a special power in its time. There is a well defined group of objects that are evidently regarded as cultic objects by researchers, which can be found all over the huge occupation territory of the Lengyel culture. The frequent occurrence of cultic finds is not characteristic of the late Lengyel culture, so it is interesting that a few items were found from this group during the excavations. 89
