Regenye Judit: Kő és agyag. Település és életmód a neolitikum-rézkor fordulóján a Dunántúlon (Veszprém, 2011)
Összefoglalás
1. Fragment of an anthropomorphic vessel, Ajka (Plate 18. 1) 2. Fragments of idol feet: one from Szentgál-Teleki-dülő (Plate 33. 8) and one from Ajka (Plate 18.3) 3. Small cubic clay altars: there were a few cubic or prismatic undecorated vessel fragments found in the debris of one of the houses at Városlőd (5 items) (Plate 44. 1-5) 4. Fragments of zoomorphic “lamps” from Szentgál-Teleki-dűlő (Plate 33. 6) and Ajka (Plate 18. 4) 5. Fragments of a zoomorphic statue from Ajka (Plate 18. 2) 6. Amidet (?) from Városlöd (Plate 45. 5) Anthropomorphic representations rarely occur in the late Lengyel culture. The question is what the Szentgál and Ajka statues, from which only the feet were found, looked like. The Szentgál item is fairly large (8.9 cm high with a diameter of 3.2 cm) and so the complete idol must also have been large. The Ajka item, at the same time, could just as well belong to an anthropomorphic vessel. The Ajka anthropomorphic vessel fragment belongs to a very rare type in the late Lengyel environment. The significance of the fragment lies in the fact that it indicates a direct contact between Transdanubia on the one hand and the Moravian painted ceramics and the northern territories of the Lengyel entity on the other. There are more zoomorphic representations known from the late Lengyel phase. Small quadrangular altars are not uncommon, and they are also represented in the late Lengyel culture. (Bánffy 1997, 19-21). The listed finds show that the objects that can be determined as cubic items in the late Lengyel culture do not differ in their composition from similar finds of the earlier phases of the culture. Regarding the cult, no significant changes can be observed as compared to the early Lengyel culture only the disappearance of clay idols is a new feature. Local groups in Transdanubia Obviously, various groups must have existed in the find materials of an archaeological culture occupying such a large territory, which evolved on the basis of local traditions and contact systems. N. Kalicz suggested from the Aszód site that the Lengyel culture was spatially divided into an eastern and a western group and a transitional group between the two (Kalicz 1985, 12). There are historic roots of spatial distribution within cultures in Transdanubia. We can find certain differences between the eastern and the western parts of the country since the middle Neolithic. The border between the two areas was never sharp and could not always exactly be drawn. The background of the phenomenon cannot completely be uncovered with archaeological methods but the contact systems manifesting themselves in the find material can help in the identification of a few reasons that led to the evolution of the phenomenon. The review of the find material evidences that the formerly sharp east-west differences became vague in the late Lengyel phase. The ceramic material indicates a definite uniformisation, the number of the cubic objects decreases and they become similar in their features. There are no comparative data regarding the burial customs. It is only differences appearing in the use of stone raw materials that reflect interior divisions. The territory of Southeast Transdanubia remained separated in the late Lengyel phase as well. There is no sufficient comparative material from the northeastern occupation zone. The western edge of Transdanubia, however, is definitely separated. The contacts of the Szentgál stone mine with Southwest Hungary indicates the position of the central Transdanubian sites. These contacts root in the early Neolithic, and according to the stone raw material distribution maps, these contacts were continuously maintained. The material from the sites of the Szentgál region shows analogous traits with the Zalaszentbalázs material from many respects, although there are certain differences and so the central Transdanubian finds seem to belong to another local group. The northern border of the group cannot as yet be drawn with certainty. The distribution of the stone material determines the Kapos river as the southern border of the group. This is corroborated by Kaposvár- Gyertyános, where the late layer is completely identical to the finds of the Szentgál region. Settlements of the late Lengyel culture Houses The test excavations covered too small surfaces to expect the appearance of complete houses and there were limited possibilities to observe the settlement structures. Nevertheless, a few phenomena could be documented. The most complete one was the house unearthed at Szentgál-Teleki-dűlő (Fig. 19). It was a post-structure building 90
