Tárnoki Judit szerk.: Tisicum - A Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Múzeumok Évkönyve 19. (2009)

Régészettudomány - - Appendix I - László Bartosiewicz - Bronze Age worked antler remains from Zagyvapálfalva-Homokbánya (Northern Hungary)

I Tisicum XIX. Figure 2: The proportions between pieces of red deer antler with marks of manufacturing found at the sites of Zagyvapálfalva-Homokbánya and Kisterenye-Hársas. No antler from hunted red deer (Type A) could be identified, shed antler is distinguished by expanded sections of the chart. (inner, skull attachment surface) and the diameter of the antler rose were 71, 79 and 81%, indicative of animals of 5 and 13-14 years of age respectively.

2 These small assemblages would have been difficult to evaluate from a quantitative point of view. Figure 2 shows the percentual distribution of the antler assemblages pooled from both sites by the main types of fragments defined in Figure 1. One quarter of the antler tools, mostly "axes", once fitted with stone blades, were evidently made from shed antler, while the mode of procurement cannot be reconstructed for the rest. Many of the tine fragments making up half of the assemblage may have been debetage from making these axes, especially brow tine fragments that are closest to the antler rose and were systematically removed from axes. Heavy duty antler tools with squared-off bases as well as the regular use of rib scrapers for leather working

3 seem to be typical here, although usually occur in the Middle Bronze Age of Western Hungary. On the other hand, contemporary Middle Bronze Age tell sites in the northern part of the Great Hungarian Plain are instead characterized by the use of sheep/goat tibia scrapers for scraping hides, and the Inventory Number Antler part Measurements Notes z 4/77/21 brow-tine GL=230, GB = 44.2 Non-worked, broken at bottom. z 4/77/28 and 92.53.5 compacta GL=49.9, GB=25.5 Small, non-identifiable antler fragment. z 4/77/35 and 92.53.5 upper beam GL=153.5, GB=38.9,GD = 26.8 Chopped to size at both ends. z 4/77/39 and 92.53.5 brow-tine GL=214.2, GB = 35.9 Multiple chopping at bottom, tip chipped. z 4/77/6 and 92.54.4 brow-tine GL=245.6, GB=37.2 Multiple transversal cuts at bottom, tip intact. z 4/78/13 and 92.52.5 crown GL=75.8, GB=37.5 Crown cut off of the upper beam at forking, tines broken off z 4/78/20 and 92.54.1 brow-tine GL=77.8, GB=22.5 Chopped to size at both ends, broader end worn with hole in spongiosa. z 4/78/8 and 92.54.4 brow-tine GL=1

98.7 , GB = 36.2 Bottom chopped, tip shows tramsversal cuts. z 4/78/9 and 92.54.4 upper beam GL=

175,8, GB = 36.8, GD = 34.2 Upper end carefully cut, dark discoloration at bottom, likely burning. z 4/78/9 and 92.54.4 brow-tine GL=233.2, GB = 26.5 Bottom chopped, tip carved roughly into a hexagonal crosssection but chipped. rose=67.2x50.2, rose z 4/79/11 and 92.55.6 shed antler attachment (inner) diameter=52.

6x40.4, hole=22.1x20.2 Hafted "axe", attachment surface worn flat, hole created with multiple chiseling on either side. z 4/85/4 and 93.52.5 brow-tine GL=210, GB=26.1 Split off at bottom, tip intact. z 92.52.35 crown tine GU268.2, GB=44.2 Bottom hacked, otherwise unworked. z 92.56.2 and 4/76/11* tine GL=65.87 One end cut and smoothed into wedge-shaped scraper. Other end cut saddle shaped widthwise to remove section. Worked to a flat wedge-shape on distal end. Other end z 92.56.2 and 4/76/55* crown GL=56.11 has two width-wise cut marks and slice marks around the circumference of the shaft to narrow it. This could have been to remove the section so that it could be broken off. 2 HABERMEHL, Karl-Heinz 1985, 35. 3 CHOYKE, Alice M. 1984: 31-32; CHOYKE, Alice M. et al. 2004. I 144