Múzeumi Füzetek Csongrád 2. (Csongrád, 1999.)

V. SZABÓ Gábor: A bronzkor Csongrád megyében (Történeti vázlat a készülő régészeti állandó kiállítás kapcsán)

large building with post structure (Fig. 1. 3) (KALICZ 1984, 95, XXIII. I). Considering the rareness of such large buildings in the examined period, we can accept the explanation according to which this one could be a community building (CSÁNYI 1996, note 63). The burials of the culture are known from several sites in the county: a cremation grave was found in Magyarcsanád-Bökény (KÜRTI 1971, 38-39, Fig. 14-17), HódmezővásárhelyGorzsa-Cukor-tanya (GAZDAPUSZTAI 1959, 17-18, Fig. 1, t. I. 1-3; KALICZ-SCHREIBER 1991, 12, Fig. 18. 3-6) and two graves determined as symbolical ones from Makó-Vöröskereszt (BANNER 1939, 77-81, Fig. 5. 1-6, Fig. 6; KALICZ 1968, 77, t. 2. 1-7) and from HódmezővásárhelyGorzsa-Kovács I. tanyája (GAZDAPUSZTAI 1957,88, t. xviii. i-3). To-date the process of the disappearance of the Makó culture is unclear both from historical and chronological point of view. According to our present knowledge it can be suggested that inside the mass of the culture (earlier supposed to be homogeneous) two periods can be divided (KULCSÁR 1997,35). We can definitely separate an earlier period that can be characterized by exclusively Makó types. This homogeneous early period is well determinable also because fragments of plates with inside decoration appear only in assemblages of this character. The incised decoration of these plates was spread in the pottery of the Vucedol culture (e.g. Hódmezővásárhely-Solt-Palé, Szakáihát (Fig. 3) (BANNER 1939, Abb. 1)). This decoration got modified perhaps already in this early period: the deeply incised or dotted ornaments were replaced by encarved motifs in the inner side of the vessels, by simplier decoration frequently consisting of triangles. The second period is represented by assemblages in which the new elements — spread in the larger part of the Carpathian basin in the 2

nd period of the Somogyvár-Vinkovci culture — mix with the traditional pottery types of Makó. Among freshly appearing forms we can mention bowls with handles (Hódmezővásárhely-Barci-rét 1964/ pit XI.

2: KULCSÁR 1997, t. III. 4-9) and vessels with asymmetrical handles (HódmezővásárhelyGorzsa-Cukor-tanya: GAZDAPUSZTAI 1959, t. I. I). The following sites with elements of the transitional period also belong to this period of the Makó culture: settlements from Tiszakürt (CSÁNYI 1996) and the vicinity of Battonya (SZÉNÁSZKY 1988) and a grave discovered in Budapest, Aranyhegyi út (KALICZ-SCHREIBER 1994). However, these new pottery forms on the territory of county Csongrád appear not only in the environment of the Makó culture, but also in the material of the Somogy vár-Ada group (HORVÁTH 1981). At the beginning of the 1960s István Bona classified the material of the Nagyrév culture found in Csongrád county as an independent group called Kőtörési after the site of Sövényháza-Kőtörés. He interpreted it as an early local variant of the Nagyrév culture (BONA 1963,15-17,21-22). According to our present knowledge the existence of this group is questionable: a part of its material shows relationship with the Somogyvár/late Makó type ceramics of the Ada group (Sövényháza-Kőtörés, Bäks: BÓNA 1963, Pl. XII. 1-7, 8-10), and the other part together with several new assemblages can be determined as the earliest appearance of the classical Nagyrév culture in the valley of Tisza (Ökörhalom phase) (Szentes-Berek, Hódmezővásárhely-Kökénydomb: GAZDAPUSZTAI 1957, XVIII. 5-8, xix. 1-5, 8; Szőreg, graves 176, 179, 184, 193: BÓNA 1963, Pl. X. 1-14, PI. XI. 1-4). Undoubtable similarities between the Ada group (widened by the finds from Sövényháza-Kőtörés) and the Nagyrév culture may mean that the Nagyrév culture was formed here also locally. Its basis was the Ada group developed on the late Makó-Somogyvár