A Herman Ottó Múzeum évkönyve 50. (2011)

RÉGÉSZET - SIMON László: Római császárkori lándzsa a miskolci Avasról.

Római császárkori lándzsa az A vasról 191 is frequent in Northern Hungary during the Roman Imperial Age, and in Slovakia and Poland in the Przeworsk culture. The spearhead of Miskolc-Avas can be mostly compared with the weapons of group 3. of the Kaczanowski VIII.-type. Similar finds on the centre of Przeworsk culture in Poland can be ranked to the phases of B2-Cla chronologically, for example the grave No. 5. in Brezce (Fig. 4, 1), the grave No. 18. in Chmielow, the grave No. 68. in Chorula, the grave No. 10. in Kryspinow, stray find in Wachock (KACZANOWSKI 1995, 19-20, Tabl. IX, 5), the grave No. 43. and 104/6 in Nadkole (CHADBURN 2008, 36, 39), the grave No. 18 in site No. 1. of Zabieniec (Fig. 4, 1) (GODtOWSKI-KUFEL-DziERZGOWSKA 1967, PL 113 (2) 8) etc. Recently, a spear with curved blade, similarly to the Avas spearhead, came to light in Wiktorow. By means of its size (whole length is 20 cm), it seems to be related to our weapon (MOSZCYNSKI 2010, 121,128, rye. 106, 1/8) (Fig. 4, 3). The blades of these weapons have got also rhombus cross section. The largest width of it is at the lower third, the socket is a bit smaller than the blade, and their full length are (almost) the same as in the case of the Avas blade. In the excavated Vandal settlement near Tiszaladány-Nagyhomokos, there was a spear in the grave No. 1 (which was positioned in a half-filled pit). It is similar to the Avas one, but substantially larger. The full length of the weapon, which is strongly corroded and broken in two bladed, is 30,9 cm. The reconstructed length of the blade could be 18-19 cm, while the stock is quite shorter than the blade. The blade is flat (might be with rhombus cross section?), and the largest width of it was 4 cm on the lower third. The cross section of the damaged stock is circle and 2,8 cm. The present weight of the find is 234 g (Fig. 3). The weapon of Tiszaladány is similar to the typical spearheads of Kaczanowski XIV (KACZANOWSKI 1995, 22-23, Tabl. XII, 1). The find was in the grave close beside a probably Nordic type human skeleton. On the basis of its position within the grave, it is sure that spearhead got into the grave with broken handle or without it. The settlement could be existed from the end of the 2

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d century A.D. to the end of the 4

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h century A.D. According to the researchers, some significant elements of the Przeworsk culture — coming from the southern and middle part of the Polish area — had already appeared in the north-eastern border of the Carpathian Basin in the end of the 1

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t century A.D. This statement is backed up by the finds of Zemplén village (

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A 1990, 310, 314). Under other publication, this early date is not proved (GODEOWSKI 1974, 72). The influence from the Polish area went on southwards and formed the ethnical groups of the northeast Hungary from the end of the 2

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D century A.D. onwards (GODTOWSKI 1984, 1994; PLETA 1999, 185; MÁRKUS 2003; PROHÁSZKA 2008, 50-56). Their archaeological heritage can be found as far as the northern frontiers of Sarmatian territory in the Great Hungarian Plain after the Markmen wars. Zemplén village (Slovakia) is one of the most important sites of this area, where 11 from the 177 graves of the cemetery contained spearhead. In some cases, there were more than one find (altogether 14) in one grave. All pieces belonged to the type, which was used in the territory of Dacia, Western Slovakia, and the central Polish territory of Przeworsk culture between the 1

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t century B.C. and 1

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T century A.D. (BUDINSKY-KRILKA-LAMIOVÁ-SCHMIEDLOVÁ 1990, 281-282). The graves No. 50., 70., and the 134. of Zemplén village (Fig. 4, 4-6) contained the weapons, which show much more similarity to the Avas-type spearhead as regards the size, proportion and making (B

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CHMIEDLOVÁ 1990, 251, Pl. VI:22, 253, Pl. VIII:8, 266. Pl:3). A weapon of Ardánháza (Ardanovo) III. in Sub-Carpathia and one find in Szajkófalva (Oszoj, Ukraine) are also very alike to the spearhead of Avas (KOBÁLY 1998, 115, IV.t.2, 117, VI.t.9.). A spearhead with deformed blade, which is almost corresponded to the Avas weapon, was find near the urn No. 181 (Fig. 4, 7) of the Quadi site of Ábrahám (near Galánta, Western Slovakia) (KOLNIK 1980, 64—65, Taf. LII, c). According to the researches, the population of this area belonged to the Quadi, who spread eastward up to the River Ipoly (BONA 1963, 297, Abb.

12, BÓNA 1993b 106). Recent studies made a point to a considerable ethnical group, which arrived from the Przeworsk culture, beyond the Carpathians to the territory northward from the Upper Pannonian limes (GODtOWSKI 1994, 73). A spread of Kaczanowski X type (slender than the Avas spread) was found together with agricultural tools in Nagyernyő (Ernei, Romania), Maros County. This item can also belong to the Przeworsk culture (CRISAN—LAZARESCU 2010, 11, PL 5,4).