Viga Gyula: Tevékenységi formák és javak cseréje a Bükk-vidék népi kultúrájában (Borsodi Kismonográfiák 23. Miskolc, 1986)

10. The study discusses the different forms of labour migration among the manifestations of adaptation and balancing between the regions. The vast part of the population in Bükk region was forced to leave for the Plain and the big land estates of the East Transdanubia to do seasonal agricultural work. This process could be confirmed also by the data from the Middle Ages, but in those times, the surplus labour was taken by the day-worker demands of vine growing. I suggest that the vine damage following phylloxera epidemy and the decrease of the vine lands substantially contributed to that the bigger part of the surplus labour had to go on farther regions. The representatives of occupational forms specialized here at occasions took jobs on farther areas: e.g. quarrymen, carmen, fellers and lime burners profited their knowledge on other places of the country. The third chapter of the study shortly discusses other forms of migration. It tells about the migration connected to waters, mostly related with drinking water and water mills, and briefly indicates the main directions of migration related to credit life, with special regard to pilgrimage. Chapter IV discusses the forms of goods exchange and its intermediaries. It shows the market areas of Bükk region and the occasions of the organized exchange of goods (market and fair), and also explains that for the population of Bükk region, the spontaneous exchange, hawking had at least the same importance. It also shows the forms and directions of trade-routes. It concludes that tradesmen specialized in the exchange of goods of this region did not evolve; in more or less ways almost each family took part in the exchange and comissioning of goods. It was the carmen, however, who took the most part of the business, and the fact that they carried the goods of the poorer, too, gave them a considerable profit and a distinguished social position. They were the most mobile, who at any time could find a job and who could the most flexibly adapt themselves to the actual situation. Their status was the aim and model for everyone on the region to be reached. The statistical make-up of the livestock also shows the importance of cartage. In the life of our region, a great importance was atteched to the various hawkers and itinerant men going regularly with their goods to the villages, who in this way were the typical Hungarian and Central European representatives of service-nomads. Chapter V of the study examines the cultural groups of Bükk region as reflected in identity and the comprehension of identity. It points out, that the position of the group in the division of labour is in many ways reflected in the degree of identity and both, in the opinion of the group about itself and other neighbouring groups. 180