Viga Gyula: Népi kecsketartás Magyarországon (Borsodi Kismonográfiák 12. Miskolc, 1981)

of salting and watering, the work of protection and driving, and different marks used for separation of the animals. Presents calling and driving words, always coming from the primitivest layres of the language, indicating wider connections of pasture culture. It pays special attention to expressions of sexes, and ages of animals, most of which kecske (goat), bak, cap (he-goat), gida, gödölye (kid) come from driving words, indicating thus their early origin just like the goat keeping itself inside the animal keeping culture. As for the origin of the words many came from Bulgarian-Turkish language, some others, with the intermeditery role of the Vlach herds, appeared after occupying the territory. The last part of the chapter touches upon expressions of the colour of the goats, their names, also mirroring the influence of South-East-European and Carpathian pasture cultures. The fifth chapter presents the work and the social position of the goat herds and tenders. It proves that goat keeping used to be an independent profession, concentrated, first of all, on forest grazing. The goat-herds never belonged to the closed up system of the herds, but consisted of poor people from the peripheries of the society. The sixth chapter of the study is about the benefit of goatkeeping. It deals with the use of milk, based on historical and recent data, which used to be the first rate benefit of goat keeping. Considering goat's milk, together with ewe-milk, is traditional, while a large variety of drairy goods can be provided, with the use of rennet. Peasants used goat's milk first of all to replace cow's milk, thus their knowledge of condensing is not so rich, either. Goat-keeping for meat was secondary among the Hungarians, while the skin, the hair and the horn was used by the artisans. Sometimes the draught power of the goat was utilised as well. In the summary the author points at the special place in the animal keeping culture of people occupied by the goat. Its early domestication is, possibly, due to its wantlessness and special biological features, and also these characteristics make it possible that people can ,,go back" to goat-keeping. No intensive rearing was pect either, thust Carpathian Basin, from objective or subjective aspect either, thus it has preserved many of the primitivest elements. The adaptation to a new surroundings gave rise to strange, atypical forms in folk culture of a given territory. The far away territories, however, show significant similarities in goat-keeping, which seems to underline its origin from the early times of history. GYULA VIGA 142