Pásztor Emília (szerk.): Sámánizmus és természethit régen és ma - Bajai dolgozatok 23. (Baja, 2019)
Jaromir Kovárnik: Az őskori ember hitvilágának tanulmányozása. A sámánizmus kutatása a régészetben
A probe into the spiritual life of prehistoric people, a reflection of shamanism in archaeology yed. On the head there are antlers like deer antlers. The head was painted en face. The distinctive round eyes are on the head (Jelinek 1972, 360, Fig. 584; Bégouën et al. 2014). Extremely exceptional in this respect is the statue of a man of mammoth ivory, but with the lion's head from Höhlenstein-Stadel (Kind et al. 2014) in the Swabian Jura in Baden-Württemberg, which dates back to the beginning of the upper Palaeolithic. This excellent statuette clearly demonstrates not only the mastery of art, but above all the higher level of hunters' thinking. It could show both the shaman dressed for the lion and the transcendence of the man in the animal, and vice versa. Still other examples of fantastic animals, or half of the animal and half of the human being, were found from the time of the upper Palaeolithic (Jelinek 1975, 352, 357, 365, 367, Fig. 489, 582, 584). Some members of native societies understand themselves and (hunted) animals in a wider unity of living creatures. It is possible that shamans, wizards, were not only in charge of successful hunting, but also of general good, including health. Over time, medicine man / healer could be separated from them. Shamanism is based not only on spells, but also on the information of perceived individuals (with intelligent assumptions) from nature, for example, in relation to the recurring seasons, or to the recurring phenomena of the breathtaking starry sky (the Earth's position towards the Sun, lunar phases, recurring positions of significant stars and constellations, etc.). Shamans drew additional knowledge not only from the behaviour of individual species of hunted animals in nature, but also from the knowledge of their anatomy (obtained from the carcasses of the animals caught) and probably also from the knowledge of the functioning of some organs. This is evidenced, for example, by a drawing of a mammoth with a heart shown in an anatomical position painted a red mineral pigment, which originates from the Pindal cave in northern Spain (Jelinek 1972, 293, Fig. 479). This is not an isolated thing. The fish engraving from the Abri du 4. kép Dőlni Véstonice, Dél Morvaország. Kicsi, agyag oroszlán feje Fig. 4. Dőlni Véstonice, Breclav district, south Moravia. Terracotta of a small lion's head with traces of damage (by Jelinek 1972, Fig. 565). 65
