Külügyi Szemle - A Magyar Külügyi Intézet folyóirata - 2009 (8. évfolyam)
2009 / 3. szám - NÉMETORSZÁG - Kiss J. László: A német pártrendszer történelmi útja és a 2009-es parlamenti választások. A sokpártiságtól a kétpólusú pártpolitikai rendszer megszilárdulásáig
A német pártrendszer történelmi útja és a 2009-es parlamenti választások 55 L. Wolfgang Thierse: „Kein Ende der Sozialdemokratie". WdtOnline, http://www.welt.de/print-welt/article396965/Kein_Ende_der_Sozialdemokratie.html , 2002. június 28. 56 Gregor Kritidis-Stefan Janson: „Die SPD - auch ein Nachruf. Mit dem Ende des »sozialdemokratischen Jahrhunderts« ist auch das Ende de SPD in ihrer traditionellen Form gekommen". SoPos, http://www.sopos.org/aufsaetze/4076dd9eal497/Lphtml . Letöltés ideje: 2009. október 2. 57 L. Christoph Schwennicke: „SPD-Apokalypse. Vorwärts in die Vergangenheit". Spiegel Online, http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,518/druck-563727,00,html , 2008. július 8. Résumé Shifts in the German Party System: The Emergence of the Small Parties or Democracy without People's Parties? The essay discusses the four historical cycles of the German party system above all else. The first phase of a multiparty system (1945-1953) was followed by the introduction of the 5 percent threshold and the concentration of the party system as a result of the strengthening of the people's parties (1953-1976). In the course of this process, the two large parties (CDU/CSU and SPD) took shape, while a third small party provided a balance between them. The power of integration of the large parties reached its climax in 1976 when they received more than 90 percent of the votes. The third phase between 1976 and 1990 was characterized by the pluralization of the party system with the appearance of the Green Party with its post-material values. However, the new party paradoxically reinforced the existing dualistic party system. The fourth phase of the Germany party system, which started in 1990, became the point of departure for the profound changes effected by globalization, the German reunification, and the financial crisis. The former, relatively closed system characterized by the dominance of the two large people's parties started to move towards an open five-party structure. The people's parties lost ground at the elections in 2009, while the small ones gained considerably. It was the SPD that had to sustain the largest loss with 11 percent, and this phenomenon raises the question of the emergence of a democracy without large leftist people's parties - especially in the light of the tendencies within the EU. The uniqueness of the German situation can be found in the fact that two leftist parties - and including the Greens, three - have to define their relations with each other as well as with the CDU/CSU and FDP coalition in opposition. Special attention is paid to the emergence of Die Linke and the problem of one state-two societies too. 2009. ősz 85
