Külpolitika - A Magyar Külügyi Intézet elméleti-politikai folyóirata - 1989 (16. évfolyam)
1989 / 1. szám - A tanulmányok orosz és angol nyelvű tartalmi kivonata
Nóra Kollár — Mihály Rujj: A New Phase in the Helsinki Process? (On the common document of SED and SPD) According to the authors the first common Communist—Social Democratic document issued on top level since 1918 represents an important stage in the dialogne started by the two trends of the international labour movement in the wake of the Helsinki process, and its results can be qualified as positive. In the 80-ties the international relations have been significantly upgraded and there is now a chance for a new phase in the Helsinki process. Thus our attention can be duely focused on a document attempting to assess the Helsinki process from the viewpoint of the international labour movement. The document reflects the changes and conditions in the second half of the 80-ties. Its composition was influenced by several factors, among which at least three ones have a significance beyond the document itself: 1. the development of relations among socialist countries in a positive direction, the realization by them of the fact that it is important to support each other’s endeavours; 2. the management of global problems — with peace as the main objective — and the realization of an interdependence demanding co-operation, revival of detente policy and turn in the international relations; 3. the implementation of procedures and methods proposed in written way could transform the Communist — Social Democratic cooperation into a reality of the near future. The most remarkable components of the document are: the novel perception of peace and policy; the interpretation of peaceful competition-rivalry between different social systems; the recognition of the role and significance of psychological moments and the endeavour for their realization in the practice of cooperation. The greatest attention is deserved by the proposals on the formulation of discussion culture between Communists and Social Democrats which involve not only the open criticism but first of all the demand and need for the new practice in contacts between systems if the aims were to be turned to action forms. In the framework of the new discussion culture the rules and norms to be observed — political realism, patience, the mutual acceptance of ability for development and reform, the recognition of right to criticism and so on — could create conditions in the international contacts under which criticism and co-operation do not exclude each other. The common document — however among doubts and with reservations — reflects the changes in connection to the former friend-foe image which are related by the Social Democrats to the conception of mutual security and considered by them as the expression of the second phase of the detente policy. The proposals and ideas of the common document are placed in a European context which facilitates the development of dialogue pointing beyond the boundaries of different systems. The dialectics) perception of rivalry and cooperation involves the stand for diversity of evolving unity but at the same time the perspective for the growing number of mutual solutions as well. The fields, ways, methods of dialogue and co-operation drawn up in the document could be achieved in a long process in which there could not be excluded neither results, nor failures, neither tensions, nor conflicts. In case of sufficient mutual patience, tolerance, discussion culture and goodwill and by virtue of the content of this common document as well a new phase in the Helsinki process could be reached, possibly creating conditions for the positive turn aimed at in the international erlations. György Réti: The main foreign policy directions of the Italian Socialist Party during and after the Craxi-government (1983—1988) In the period under scrutiny Bettino Craxi, the prominent leader of the Italian socialists, played a decisive role in the formation of the foreign policy of both the Italian Socialist Party and the government. This study devotes a chapter to the policy of the Italian Socialist Party XII.
