Hidrológiai Közlöny 1963 (43. évfolyam)

3. szám - Csoma János–dr. Szigyártó Zoltán: A vízelosztó rendszer hatásfoka

Csorna J. és Szígyártó Z.: A vízelosztó rendszer hatásfoka Hidrológiai Közlöny 1963. 3. sz. 235 ható ugyanis, hogy a hatásfokok megállapításánál el lehet kerülni a zl 3 külön meghatározását, mivel a keresett végeredmény közvetlenül számítható az V Vo + bV, -A, A —An (?) (1 +b)V 0 kapcsolatból, melyben a jelölések megegyeznek a (4)—(6) képletekben alkalmazott jelölésekkel. IRODALOM 1. Kosztyakov : A melioráció alapjai, Műszaki Könyv­kiadó Vállalat, Budapest, 1950. 2. Oroszlány I. : Az öntözőrendszerek hatásfoka. Víz­ügyi Közlemények, Budapest, 1959. 3. sz. 393—398. o. 3. Csorna J., Szigyártó Z. : Die Wirkung der Wasser­spiegelhaltung auf den Wasserverlust in Bewásse­rungssystemen. Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Ön­tözési Konferenciája, Budapest, 1961. 1—2. Kérdés­csoport. 4. Oroszlány I. : Öntözőrendszerek hatásfoka. Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Öntözési Konferenciája, Bu­dapest, 1961. 6. kérdéscsoport. 5. Szathmáry J. :. A Tiszasüly „Makkosi" Öntöző­rendszer hatásfokvizsgálatának tematikája. Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Öntözési Konferenciája, Bu­dapest, 1961. 6. kérdéscsoport. SOOEKTHBHOCTb PACnPE^EJlTHHEJlbOH CHCTEMbI HOMÜ U d-p. 3. CudbHpmo flaBHO CTapaioTca aaTt xapaKTepHCTHKy ^epe3 KSKHX-JIHŐO noKa3aTejieft H AJIH BbipaweHiin Texmme­CKoro ypoBHH sKcruioaTauHH opocuTeJibHbix CHCTCM. HEAOCTATOK B SOJIBIUHHCTBE 113 NPEFLJIO>KEHHH co­CTOHJICH B TOM, WTO HE PA3AEJINJIH pe3K0 «BE pa3Hbie onepamiH opouieHHH, HMCHHO arpoTexHHHecKne H Tex­HHMecKne MeponpujiTHH. IL03T0MY B CTaTbe FLEJIAETCH nonuTKa FLJIH TOJIKOB3HHH TexHimecKOií 3(j)iJ)eKTHBH0CTH OpOCHTeJIbHOH CHCTeMbI npn KOTOpOM paÖOTa JIIOSOH Mac™ CHCTeMbI MOweT őbiTb TexHHMecKH oueHeHa Ha e«HHbix 0CH0Bax. IlpH 3TOÍÍ nonbiTKe peuieHiie Bonpoca őa3npyeTCH Ha coBceM HOBbie Hanajibi u Ha BbiHCHeHHbie OCHOBHbie npHHUHHbl. B nepBoft MacTH cTaTbH aBTopu paccMaTpuBaioT arp0H0MimecKHe H TexHimecKne 3a«aMH npn opomeHHH H flejiaioT BbiBOfl, HTO opomeHne HBJineTCH TEXHHWECKOÍÍ 3aflaMeil no Tex nop, noKa BO«a ABHJKCTCH (noná nonaaaeT OT rojioBHoro Boflobaöopa «o noiBbi opowaeMoro nojiH) H CTaHeT arpoHOMHiecKOÍj aa^aiefí TOJibKO nocjie Toro, Kan HaMHHaeTCH önojionmecKoe Hcn0Jib30B3HHe BOflbi. KpaTKO cyMMHpyn TexHHiecKHe yc;IOBHH, 3anaiu h npHcnocoöjieHHH (maÖA. 7.) SKcnjioaTauHH opocuTejib­HblX CHCTeM aBTOpbl yKa3bIBai0T Ha TO, HTO pe3yjIbTaTbI TexHimecKHX MeponpHHraií npn opouieHHH MO>KHO oue­HHTb TOJibKO Ha TaKOM OCHOBaHHH, MTO B KaKOÍÍ Mepe MOTJIH OHH oöecneiHTb TpeöyeMyio BJia>KHOCTb H noMBbi B Hy>KHoe BpeMH, yi<a33HHoe arpoHOMHefi. B flajibHeiíuieM B craTbe AaeTCH B COOTBCTCTBHH co CBoeií uejibio TOJiKOBaHiie opocHTejibHort CHCTCMM, BHyTpn Hee H pacnpeaejiHTeJibHOH cucTeMbi N 3aHHMa­h)TCH c HX pa3«ejieHHeM (<t>ue. 1 u 2). YKa3biBaK>T Ha TO, HTO TaK KaK pacnpe^ejjeHHe boah no caMOH noMBbi, T. e. TexHHMecKiie onepauini coBepuiaiOTCH pacnpe«ejiHTeJieM B OpOCHTeJIbHOH CHCTCMe, BCHKHe erO HeflOCTaTKH OTpa­WSIOTCH B yBejiH^eHHH noTepb BOAH : cJieflOBaTeJibHO oöuiyio TexHHMecKyro 3(j)(j)eKTHBH0CTb opouieHHH Hy>KH0 0T0>KflecTBJi5iTb c 3(J)(J)eKTHBH0CTbio pscnpeAejiHTejibHOH CHCTeMbi. 3t3 stjxJieKTHBHOCTb He MOweT őbirb flpyroií, MeM OTHOuieHHe pacxo^a BOÁM, n0Jie3H0 ncnojib30BaH­Horo npn opouieHHH K nojinoMy pacxo^y, 3aŐHpaeM0My Ha TOJIOBHOM B0fl03a6ope (<|>opMyjia 1.). B maöAuife 2. flaioTíin AC^HHHHHH 3(J)(j)eKTiiBHOCTH, onpeAejiHeMbie AJIH pa3JiimHbie MacTH pacnpeflenHTeJib­HOÍÍ CHBTeMbl Ha OCHOBaHHH ee HCTOJIKJIBaHHH B oömefí <t>OpMe. 3aBHCHM0CTb Me>Kfly MaCTHbIMH 3<j)(f)eKTnBH0CT­HMH H nojiHOíi pacnpeflejiHTejibHOii CHCTeMOH Bbipa>Ka­eTCH 3aBHCHMOCTbIO (2). KOHe<IHO BHyTpH flaHHOií CHCTeMbI BejIHtIHHa Tex­HimeCKOH 3(j)(j)eKTHBH0CTH — HCTOJTKOBaHHOií BbHUe Ii3MeHHeTCH B 3aBMCHM0CTH OT 3KCnjIOaTaUMOHHbIX yc­JIOBIIÍÍ. B TÓT we BpeMH TexHimeciOH no^roTOBJieHHOCTb CHCTeMbi aeficTByeT Kan nocTOHHHbiií (JiaKTop B ^aHHoe BpeMH. IlOSTOMy B03HHKaeT nOTpeÖHOCTb Ha TO, MTOŐbl II OT^ejibHO nami onpefleJieHiie Tai<oíí „pacHeTHoií" 3(J)<J)eK­THBHOCTH, BblACJlHH ee H3 pa3JIHHHbIX TeXHHMeCKHX 3(])(j)eKTHBH0CTeÍÍ,- C nOMOUlblO KOTOpOií M05KH0 0H6HIITb BJIHHHHe TeXHHICCKHX ll3MeHeHIIÍÍ H BHyTpH nOAOŐHOií CHCTeMbi, T. e. HTOöbi Morjin coriocTaBHTb TexmmecKyK) noflroTOB/ieHHOCTb pa3Hbix CHCTCM. HCXOAH H3 npuHijiina, no K0T0p0My TexHUMeciOH n0/ir0T0BjieBH0CTb opociirejibHbix cucTeM xapai<TepH­3yeTCH c „HCH36e>KHbIMH" nOTepHAlH, B03HHKaiOUHIMM npn pacneraoií HX Harpy3Ke, H KOTOpbie HeJib3H CHH3HTb c nOMOIUbK) HHK3KHX nJiaHOB H 0praHH3aHH0HHbIX Meponpi-iHTHH, B maö/i. 3. npiiBe«eHbi «e({)HHHHHH ,,pac­MCTHOH 3(jj(|)eKTHBH0CTH k í, OnpeflejlHeMOÍÍ FLJIH pa3HbIX wscTefi pacnpeAeJiiiTejibHoil cucTeMbi. B 33KJII04eHHII CTaTbH 33HHM3CTCH C npOŐJieM3MH, B03HHK3IOIHHMH npH OnpeflejieHHH (J)3KTHHeCK0Ü 3(j)(J)eK­TIIBHOCTH H npiIBO^IIT MeTOA C nOMOIHblO KOTOpOrO M0>KH0 onpefle^HTb BeJiHHHHy pacieTHOÜ 3<{)(J)eKTHBH0CTii ((}>op­My/i3 17) c Hcn0Hb30BaHiieM3KcnepHMeHTajibHbix ^aHHbix nOJiyqeHHblX npn p33jIHHHbIX 3KCnjI0aT3HH0HHbIX yc^o­BHHX «J1H p3CHeTH0H H3rpy3KII. The Efficiency oí Water Distribution Systems By J. Csorna and dr. Z. Szigyártó Efforts have been made long ago at describing the technical standard attained during the operation of water distribution systems with the help of "indices". The main deficiency in the majority of proposals was the failure to distinguish sharply the agrotechnical and engineering operations of irrigation. It has been endeavoured therefore to provide new foundations, by clarifying the fundamental concepts, for the solution of the problem and to submit a suggestion for the definition and interpretation of technical efficiencies suitable for characterizing from a technical point of view and by a uniform approach the operating standard of any part of the irrigation system. Plant-growing and engineering problems arising in connection with irrigation agriculture are analyzed in the first part, with the conclusion that irrigation constitutes an engineering problem as long as the water performs physical movement (i. e., in its passage from the main diversion into the soil of the irrigated plot), and becomes a plant-growing problem as soon as its biological utilization is started. After giving a brief summary of the engineering conditions, tasks and means contingent to the operation of irrigation systems (Table 1.) it is pointed out that the only criterion by which the effectiveness of engi­neering operations oí irrigation can be evaluated is the extent to which the soil moisture content in the soil layer and at the time specified by plánt growing needs, can be secured. The definition and division of irrigation systems, and particularly of the water distribution system is hereafter given from the special aspects of the present study (Figs. 1. and 2.). It is pointed out that the distribution and introduction of water into the soil within the irrigation system i. e., the attendant engineering functions are the responsibility of water distribution, any deficiency thereof is reflected by inereased water losses. Consequently the overall engi­neering efficiency of irrigation must necessarily be identified with the efficiency of water distribution, which cannot be anything else than the ratio of the water quantity utilized as scheduled over the irrigated field to the totál volume diverted through the main intake [Eq. (1)]. On the basis of the efficiency defined t.hus in a most generál manner the efficiencies definable for different parts of the water distribution system have been compiled in Table 2. The relationship between the part-efficiencies and the overall efficiency of the water distribution system is expressed by Eq. (2.)

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