Hidrológiai Közlöny 1960 (40. évfolyam)

6. szám - Medgyesi Iván–Zahorán János: A talajvízmosás meghatározása radioaktív izotópokkal

IVledgyesi I. és Zahorán J.: A talajvízmozgás meghatározása Hidrológiai Közlöny 1960. 6. sz. 469 0IIPE/1EJ1EHME flBH>KEHHH rPV'HTOBblX BO^ C I lOMOlUblO PAflHOAKTHBHblX M30T0n0B H. Meddeiuu n fl. 3axopau 3nannc HanpaBJieHHíi ABimemiH II cKopocTH rpynTOBblX H UJiaCTOBUX BOA MO>KCT MMCTb Bl'CbJVta GOJlblHOI'O 3na4CHHH ripw peuieHHH riiAporeo;iorn4ccKHX BonpocoB, Iipil HCCJICAOBaHIIlI BOIipOCOB IIO BOAOCHaÖ>KL'HH 10, Iipil IipOeKTIipOBaHHH BOAOXpaHHJlIIlU H npil IipHÖJIH3HTejlbHOM onpeflejieHHH o>KH/;acMoro pacnpocTpaHeHHíi npoMblUUieHHIJX II IipOMHX 3ai p>I3HtHHÍÍ. /IJIM ONPEAEJICIIHÍI xapaKTcpncTni< ABII>KCHII>I BO;U>I H3BecTHbi HecKOJibKO MCTOflOB, Kai< HanpHwep MCTOA HccjieAOBaHHH oKpauiiiBamieM, COJICHHCM H reo3jiei<rpiiwecKMÜ Merő;;. Pe3yjibTaTMBH0CTb 3THX nccjie/iOBauníi 0Ka3biBacTCH eoMHHTCJibHbiM ywe npn rpyHTax, CO/tep>l<auuix MMHHMaJlbHOe KOJlHHCCTBO KOJlJIOHflHblX (])paKHHM. Ha OCHOBaHHIl pC3VjIbTaT0B 3arpaHHMHbIX II BCHrepcKiix iiccjiCAOBamifi HaMH pa3paöoran MCTOA oripeAeJIL'IIHH ABIDKCHim BOAU C IIOMOlllblO paAHOaKTHBHblX M30T0ÍI0B. Ho paöo-re npOBOAHJiHCb conocTaBiiTejibHLie ncribiTaiIHM AJ1>1 BblHCHUHHM B3ailMHbIX B03AeítCTBHÍÍ II30T0ri0B (maó/i. I.), rjiaBHbiM 0öpa30M iiHAtiKa'ropoB, npiiMeHíieMbix ripu J

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iiH0r0 noná (HanpHMep reoajieKTpuMCCKHÍi MC'TOA) H3MepeHH3JI CKOpOCTb .'[UH >KtJíl 11 >1 MKHblIIC, MUM u AeMcTBureJibHOCTii npii rpynrax, co/tcpwaiomnx KOJIJLOH/uibix (jipaKunií B 5—10%. B cjiyiae AByxanaiHBLX HOHOB (MCTOA COJICIIIIM) HOJiy MCHHajI BCJIimilHa CKOpoc'rii öojibine. B cjjywae rpynTOB, cOAC'p>i<aBiiinx Oojibuie K0JIJ10HA0B M0>KCT HaCTyiIHTb IIOJIIKUI aACOpnUHH COJICIÍ rai< >KC, nak y npiiMemieMbix icpacoK (0ue. 1., 2.). Ha crpyKrypy rpyiria ne oi<a3biBaeToi BjnninHe C0Aep>KaHHCM HOAii/ut B 0,08—0,4 raMMa y 10—50 m C *

M, HCOÖXOAHMoro K PA/UI0H30T0UH0MY MCTOFLY, AAJIEE ne HMCER aAcopfiaiuni (COAEP)KaHiie JI0AH.UA B CCTCCTBCHHblX BOAaX 1—3 raMMa/jl), T3KHM 00pa30.vi BCJIHHHHa H3MepeHH0ÍÍ. CKOpOCTH HBJIÍIÜTCH caMbIM AOCTOBCpHblM, HesaBHCHMO OT BHAa rpyHTa. PaapaGoTan H3MH MCTOA paAHOiisoroiinoro HCCJICAOBaHii>i (ifiomo 1 -4), oőpamaji ocofioe BiiiiMamie na 3amiiTy OT jiyieií. áanpoeKTiipoBajm OÖOPYAOBAHIIE (tpue. 3.) AJifl pa3pbiBa noA BOAOÍI aiwnyjibi, coAepwaiueíi paAH0H30T0n. OnpeAejin^H HeoöxoAHMbie paccTOHHHH MewAY HaőJiioAaTe^bHbiMii SypoBbiMH CKBa>KHHaMH (maŐA. 2., 3.) B 3aBHCHM0CTH OT BHAa rpyHTOB. YCTaHOBHAH, HTO AJIFL HAÖJIIOAEHHH L(eiiecoo6pa3Hee Bcero npnMeHHTb BeHrepcKHÍi npnföop nojieBOH paTeMeTp (cpomo 5.) THna R — 11 — M. Pa3paf)0Tajiii oueHKy pe3yjibTaT0B uccjieAOBaHHil (0ui. 4—5.). MOMCHO onpeAejiiiTb „nepByio CTpyio" noTCKa raioKe ii cpt'AHioio CKopoeTb ABHJKCHHÍI, xapaicTepHOÍl C ÍHApOAOrHMeCKOÍÍ TOMKH 3ptHIIH (<f>m. 6.). Ilpii-MenflCTCíi rpacjnmecKan onen«a ajih onpeAejieHHa HANPABAEHIM ABI-DKGHHH (tfitu. 7.). Determination of Grounrtwater Movement by the Aid of Radioactive Isotopes By I. Medgyesi and .7. Zahorán Tlio knowledge of flow direction and flow velocity of groundwater and svibterranean water may assume great significance in the solution of liydrogeological problems, in water supply investigations, in designing storage reservoirs and in the approximating study of the antioipated propagation of industrial and other pollutions. A wide variety of methods, such as dyeing, salting, geo-electrical otc., is known for establishing the characteristics of water movement. The reliability of these methods beeomes questionable as soon as the soil eontains a minimum quantity of colloidal material. Relying on investigation reports from abroad and at liome, a method for determining water movement by the aid of radioactive isotopes has been developed. Comparative experiments have been earried outfor determining the mutual effect of various soils and radioactive isotopes (Table 1) especially J

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l and indicators used with other methods. Adsorption and diffusion properties of the indicator, as well as tlieir effect on the permeability of the soil have been studied. It has been found, that when using a great number of univalent ions (e. g. geo-electrical method) the observed flow velocity in soils containing 5 to 10 per cent of colloidal material was lower than the actual one. When divalent ions were used (salting methods), velocities higher than the actual were obtained. In soils containing colloidal materials in greater quantities totál adsorption of the salt may alsó occur, similar to the case of dyes applied (Figs. 1 and 2). The iodine content of 10 to 50 mC J

m neccssary for the method using radioactive isotopes is 0.08 to 0.4 gamma, which does not effect the soil strueture, does not beeome absorbed (the iodine content of natnral waters is l to 3 gamma per litre), so that tlie observed velocity value is most reliable irrespective of the type of soil. A procedure has been developed for the tracer isotope method (Illa. 1 to 4), and special consideration has been devoted to protection against radiation. A deviee has been developed for breaking under water the glass vessel containing the radioactive isotope (Fig. 3). The required spacing of observation wells has been established as a function of soil type (Tables 2 and 3). The Hungárián R-ll-M type field ratemeter has been found the most suitable instrument for these observations (III. 5). Observation results have been evaluated (Figs. 4 and 5). The "first water filament" as well as the average flow velocity, which is hydrologically characteristic, can be determined (Fig. 6). A graphical evaluation method has been used for determining the direction of flow (Fig. 7).