Folia archeologica 18.
Tibor Kovács: Eastern Connections of North-Eastern Hungary in the Late Bronze Age
52 T. KOVÁCS In the material of the Berkesz (Fig. 11) and Demecser (Figs. 12, 13) cemeteries forming the core of the discussed finds, the forms equally occur which are closely related to the pottery of the local people (Egyek, Felsőszőcs) and to that of those living in areas to the east (Komarovo and Noa cultures). 7 8 The latter constitute such a high percentage (approximately 40 % of the types has no local ties) that it cannot be attributed merely to the cultural relation existing between the peoples of the two areas. This in itself may serve as an important proof of the ethnic influx. Concerning the described finds from unauthentic excavations, the validity of evidence of the facts is reduced although on the other hand they unambiguously support the results gained from the analyses of burial rites and topographical data. These results are complemented by conclusions based on the examination of the relations of metal finds. Among the Late Bronze Age finds of North-Eastern Hungary (cemeteries, hoards) we find four metal types (cf. Fig. 18) originating from the metallurgy of peoples in the areas towards the east. The wart-necked pin (Nyírkarász—Gyulaháza tumulus, Opályi find) also frequently occurs in the areas of the Komarovo 70 and Noa 8 0 cultures. 8 1 I. Bona compiled the extensive eastern parallels of the dagger 8 2 (Fig. 18, no. 10) found at Berkesz Csonkás-dűlő. 8 3 The socketed celt of the Translyvanian type (Nyírkarász—Gyulaháza tumulus — Fig. 18, no. Il) 84 is a characteristic find of the Opályi depothorizon. 8 5 The roots of the sickles with a hooked tang (Fig. 18, no. 12) can also be found in the metallurgy of the areas east of Hungary. 8 6 On the other hand among the finds of the cemetery at Szakoly ( ?) metal objects occur of different origin. The bracelet with a round cross-section and seal-shaped terminals and the pin ending in a spiral disk (Fig. 18, no. 5) 8 7 both mark the influence of the local (Egyek) metallurgy. The spear-head (Fig. 18, 7 8 After the mingling of the ethnic groups of diverse origins a peculiar pottery arose in the Nyírség. These included the elements of the ceramic forms and patterns of local [the Felsőszőcs group traceable back to the Ottomány and Wietenberg cultures — cf. Kalicz, N.. Arch. Ért. 87 (1960) 13.], western (the Egyek group of the tumulus culture) and eastern (Komarovo and Noa cultures) origin. Several forms developed which are characteristic only of this pottery and show the features of the three different basic vessel types. Actually these are the vessels of the real Berkesz — Demecser type (Fig. 11, nos. 2-3, 6,16., Fig. 12, nos. 2,8-10,14., Fig. 13, nos. 8,11, 13., Fig. 14, nos. 6,8, 10-12, 14, 16, 18., Fig. 15, nos. 1,9-12, 14, 16, 17-19., Fig. 16, nos. 5—7, 9—10, 12, 14., Fig. 17, nos 2, 10—14.). 7 9 Sulimirski, T., Die thrako-kimmerische ... 137., Fig. 2. 81 1 Horedt, K., op. cit. 806—807., Fig. 13. 8 1 Concerning the literature on the spread of the type see Mozsolics, A., Acta Arch. Hung. 12 (1960) 121. 8 2 The bronze objects (unornamented bracelet with round cross-section, plain rings and buttons) which got into the museum together with the dagger are probably grave-goods from the cemetery, but they can be placed neither chronologically nor culturally. 8 3 Bona, I., op. cit. 19 fï. 8 1 Mozsolics, A., Acta Arch. Hung. 12 (1960) 121., Pl. LXIX. no. 4b. 8 5 Mozsolics, A., Acta Arch. Hung. 15 (1963) 77 ff. 8 6 Rusu, M., op. cit. 182. 8 7 According to Feustel its origin goes back to the Early Bronze Age. The tumulus culture rarely used it, but it was very common in the time of the urn burial culture. Feustel, R., Bronzezeitlicher Hügelgräberkultur in Gebiet von Schwarza (Süd-Thüringen). (Weimar 1958) 9—10.
