Folia archeologica 9.
Kőszegi Frigyes: Keleti típusú bronzkori balták a Magyar Nemzeti Múzeumban
62 F. Kőszegi Nor can we agree with the opinion of Berciu, according to which the Bányabükk form develops independently after the stone prototypes on Transylvanian territory, and the local Thracian workshops export these axes as far as Central Russia. 8 This type of axes appears — as far as we know earliest in the Caucasus. The axes with shaft-holes terminating in a semicircle may be considered to be the descendants of that with shaft-tubes, but can not be regarded entirelv as local products. Their prototypes first appear in Asia Minor (Kultépé), and presumably the new technique connected with this type came from this territory to South Russia and to Hungary. p Concerning the derivation of the first types of axes with shaft-tubes and those of Bányabükk we may assume a smaller migration. The europosibirid elements in t he anthropological material from the Early Bronze Age cemeteries of Oroszvár and Hainburg-Teichtal suggest also the former presumption as these elements, according to J. Xemeskeri, can be traced back to the Caucasus. This is also proved by the domesticated horses of steppe type appearing from the lowest level of Tószeg. 10 3 The period in which these elements appear for the first time in the Carpathian basin is presumably indicated by the shafthole axes of the earliest type and can be closely connected with each other. The possibility may arise that we have to reckon with the ethnic of the ochregraves appearing in Hungary about that time and perhaps a survival of this type exists in the Early Bronze Age cemeteries described. In the further phases of the Hungarian Bronze Age our relations with South-Russia are rather of commercial character, but they are firmly interlaced with the threads leading towards Mycenae. In the development of the more intensive trade the gold of Transylvania, and the copper of the Kuban district and the Caucasus may have played a significant part. The trade on these commercial routes may have easily brought these local forms to the neighbouring territories.
