Dr. T. Tóth szerk.: Studia historico-anthropologica (Anthropologia Hungarica 16. Budapest, 1979)

In the first case the following categories may be distinguished: from x to 82.5 index platycranial, i.e. rather low, between 82. 6 to 87. 5 orthocranial, medium high, from 87. 6 to y hypsicranial, i. e. high skull. In the second case, i. e. the values referred to living persons, the categories show the following distribution: from x to 70 platycephalous, i.e. low, between 71.0 and 74.9 orthocephalous, medium high, while from 75.0 to x hypsicephalous, i.e. high skull. I should like to point out that certain Italian researchers use the cephalous nomenclature both for historical finds and for values obtained from living individuals, too. I hold the view that a differentiation between the two is more correct, i.e. using "cranial" for the historical finds, and "cephalous" for the living persons. Table 1. The mean values of the Giardina index for male and female series from the Avar period Locality N GIARDINA index (M) Locality 3 8 2 1. Adorján I. 7 7 83. 28 78. 64 2. Adorján II. 15 15 78.98 79.93 3. Kecel I. 22 13 80. 76 79. 36 4. Üllő I. 23 21 80.83 80. 20 5. Üllő II. 18 21 80.89 80. 52 6. Homokmégy-Halom 29 28 81.07 80. 39 7. Szeged-Kundomb 38 48 79.06 80.00 8. "Fehértó-A" 55 56 82.84 80.80 9. Szekszárd - Palánk p. 12 16 83.44 83. 15 10. Szebény I. 12 5 82. 55 82. 13 11. Csákberény 12 7 82. 04 82. 00 12. Hegykő 10 6 83. 12 83. 33 13. Szentes - Kaján 19 9 84. 82 82. 76 14. Alattyán - Tulát 54 53 79. 37 78. 86 15. Előszállás - Bajcsihegy 10 6 81. 48 82. 89 16. Kékesd 16 6 84. 57 84. 63 17. Tiszavasvár 6 7 86. 75 85. 69 18. Toponár 30 21 84. 79 84. 69 19. Fészerlakpuszta 9 9 86. 37 84. 02 I believe that the graphical projection method may readily be employed also in Hungarian craniological research, thereby the constitution of the skull can be determined with ease. The two figures show the length - breadth and length - height as well as the correlation topography of the Giardina index applied to the following male and female series originating from the Avar period: Adorján I, II (Bartucz-Farkas 1957), Kecel I (Lipták 1954), Üllő I, II (Lipták 1955), Homokmégy-Halom (Lipták 1957), Szeged-Kundomb (Lipták-B. Marcsik 1966), "Fehértó - A" (Lipták-Vámos 1969), Szekszárd-Palánkpuszta (Lipták 1974), Szebény (Tóth 1961), Csákberény (Tóth 1962),, Hegykő (Tóth 1964), Szentes-Kaján (Wenger 1955), AlattyánTulát (Wenger 1957), Előszállás-Bajcsihegy (Wenger 1966), Kékesd (Wenger 1968), Tiszavasvár (Wenger 1972), Toponár (Wenger 1974), Fészerlakpuszta (Wenger 1975). The average values given in the two figures refer to 1146 individuals of which 609 are males and 537 females deriving from 19 localities. The above discussed graphical method of the three categories yield the following classes based on frequency distribution (Biasutti 1953): I. Mostly platycranial: 2/3, or more, II. Majority platycranial: 1/2 - 2/3, III. Majority orthocranial, IV. Majority hypsicranial: 1/2 - 2/3, V. Mostly hypsicranial: 2/3, or more.