Vízügyi Közlemények, 2002 (84. évfolyam)
1. füzet - Rövidebb tanulmányok, közlemények, beszámolók
132 Fleischer Tamás Magyarország vízgazdálkodása az ezredfordulón. KHVM — Országos Vízügyi Főigazgatóság — VITUKI Rt. (Szerk.Németh M.). Budapest, 1996. Somlyódy L. (szerk.): A hazai vízgazdálkodás stratégiai kérdései. Magyarország az ezredfordulón — Stratégiai kutatások a Magyar Tudományos Akadémián, MTA Vízgazdálkodási Tudományos Kutatócsoportja, Budapest, 2000. * * * Hungary in the middle of the Carpathian Basin (certain regional relationships of sustainability) by Dr. Tamás FLEISCHER C.E. The basin-locked situation of Hungary defines many characteristics of the country, such as the climate, agriculture, transportation etc. The probably most marked characteristic of decisive importance is, however, the basin character of the water resources management. There is no Hungarian study on water management, which would not start with the mentioning that 95% of the water resources of the country arrive from abroad. This statement is to refer to or stress the defencelessness of Hungarian water management. The ever repeated mentioning of this ratio would, however, mask the actual problem and hinder the exploration of the actual water household problems and the respective relationships. These problems and relationships must be discussed in such a way as to make the general public aware of the situation. In Hungary the entering flow is about 114 cubic kilometre and the local precipitation amounts to about 50% of it: e.g. in an average year 58 km 3 water falls onto the territory of Hungary. The author states that this 178 cubic kilometre should form the basis of all subsequent water management calculations. On the "expenses" side the following items are found: evaporation amounts to 52 km 3 in an average year and 120 km 3 flows out of Hungary. These data refer to the averages of the period 1931—1970. The estimates made until 1991 usually considered the actual values of precipitation and outflow, but assumed the existence of an annual (positive water) balance. Since 1992 independent estimates are made also for inflow and evaporation. The calculated annual evaporation is 3.5 km 3. The actual use of water in Hungary is very closely related to the evaporated quantity. A substantial part of the evaporation is not at all a "loss of water", since the evaporated water first produces the Hungarian vegetation, the forests, the cereals and the other crops. The approach in which one considers the through-flowing waters separately from the water budget data of the Carpathian Basin is in special harmony with those earlier approaches in which the getting free of waters of the Carpathian Basin was the primary objective. Following this line of thought the average quantity of water present in the country will be decreased with the acceleration of through-flow or with other words the average retention time of water within the country decreased. Moreover one knows with certainty that the regulation of waters in Hungary resulted in a substantial decrease of water surfaces. If it is true that river regulation works resulted in the decrease of water retention time and of the water surfaces, then one has increased the outflow by having decreased the evaporated quantity. This means that the inflow in percentage of the outflow was decreased. Consequently the present situation of 95% ratio was not reached from below, by the increase of the percentage, but from top down, by decreasing it. In order to reach an earlier more favourable state one should not further decrease the detention time, but should increase it. This would not decrease the 95% ratio but increase it.
