Jakab Réka: Bérlőből polgár. Pápa város zsidó közösségének társadalom- és gazdaságtörténete 1748-1848 (Veszprém, 2014)
to operate even after the state began to agitate for the establishment of public Jewish schools at the end of the 18th century, where as well as religious education, the pupils would have been taught subjects necessary for them to get along in civil life. After a few failed attempts, the Jewish Primary School in Pápa was finally established in 1826 in which great emphasis was placed on the teaching of practical subjects and Hungarian. Based on the number of students taught by trained schoolteachers and the number of Jews in Pápa who made a living from teaching, we can conclude that there were still a significant number of boys who received an exclusively religious education. In order to examine the process of social integration of local Jewry, we looked at a few areas where their contact with the other residents of the city was most palpable. These were primarily economic ties (trade, guild and credit matters), accommodation, and in the second half of our period, school and social integration. The latter also give us an idea of the willingness of the Jewish community to assimilate. The Jews, excluded from the guilds and therefore in a lower status as tradesmen outside the guilds, could not benefit from the privileges of guild membership. At the same time, the appearance of itinerant and house-to- house Jewish salesmen represented competition for the guilds; the guilds tried to restrict them by appealing to the city council and higher authorities. The landowners often protected Jewish artisans and tradesmen against the guilds. Most Jewish artisans engaged in trade as well. There was a permanent conflict of interest between the Jews and the guilds due to the supply of raw materials for artisanal crafts. During this period, the typical form of this conflict in Pápa - as elsewhere - would have been between Jews buying up raw materials at a low price and guild members who were forced to buy from them at higher than the usual price. As well as individual conflicts of interest, the conflicts between Jewish merchants who had access to free capital ready for use and a system heavy with feudal obligations and guilds also show up the anomalies of the feudal- noble system. It was clear that the interests of Jews who wished to succeed even within the stricter limits of the feudal-noble system could not do so without damaging the interests of the other half and vice versa. The source of these conflicts were the social and economic arrangements current in this period, which prevented competition in the open market. In this situation, the Jews - who had more capital - damaged the common interests of the guilds. Economic exchange between the Jews and the other residents of the city reflects a rich network of relationships and above all proves that religious differences and differences in legal status did not make a rigid - impossible 299
