Jakab Réka: Bérlőből polgár. Pápa város zsidó közösségének társadalom- és gazdaságtörténete 1748-1848 (Veszprém, 2014)
to cross - division between Jewish and non-Jewish residents of the city. Naturally, it was in this field that necessity and dependence were greatest, since it was here that both sides’ willingness to compromise in the interests of survival and success came to the fore. The other area of social contact and also conflict was credit. The vast majority of cases in this period that came before the city council and were connected to Jews are related to demands for payment of a debt or complaints concerning one. The greatest proportion of extant demands by Jews on Christians were motivated by the conflictual relationships between craftsmen and the Jewish merchants supplying them with raw materials. Since in this period the market in raw materials was more or less in the hands of Jewish merchants, the craftsmen in the guilds turned to them for their supplies, which the merchants were willing to give them on credit. If a tradesman could not pay for the material supplied on credit in time, the merchant could demand the seizure of his stock as payment for the debt, or could ask for the value of the goods with added interest. Due to the organisation of the economic system, Christian vendors are represented as complainants in cases of Jewish merchants purchasing goods on credit. It was common for Jewish merchants to pay for animals, wheat or artisanal products in instalments. By looking at these cases, we can see regular social and economic ties running through every class of the city’s population. The data show that in cities, including in Pápa, the Jewish communities that came into being were not closed communities isolated from urban society, despite their differing communal rights. Contact, initially limited exclusively to economic relationships, had by the start of the 19th century extended to all spheres of everyday life and certain areas of public life as well. As they became ever more everyday and far-ranging, economic ties paved the way for social contact and the need for integration in schools. For this to happen, practically a century of cohabitation and adaptation was necessary, as well as those social changes and changes in mentality in the host society that had come to fruition during the Reformist period. Social contact was aided by the new institutions of the age, viz. associations and casinos. Their stated goal was the broad dissemination of culture and they tried to provide a public space and environment for this end that rose above social and religious differences. The casino became an important locus for social rapprochement between Jews and non-Jews. The casino in Pápa had declared itself on the side of this kind of democratisation as early as 1832, and we can find among its members from the very first period the wealthier and most well-educated members of the local Jewish community (including a doctor and a teacher) as well as the gentry, bourgeoisie and ЗОО
