Századok – 2014
MŰHELY - Tóth Valéria: Szempontok a 13-14. századi nemzetségnevek értékeléséhez II/471
494 TÓTH VALÉRIA pedig igen gyakran a lakóhelyük után nevezték meg magukat, mivel jellemzően egyetlen faluban birtokoltak.118 A nemzetségnevek tipológiai leírásában tehát ezzel a két fő típussal kell számolnunk.119 Ahhoz azonban, hogy ebben a kérdésben tisztán lássunk, a nemzetségek írott forrásokból felfejthető történetét, leszármazási tábláját és belső névhasználatát egyaránt pontosan ismernünk kell, az egyes nemzetségnevek etimológiai eredetének tisztázására csak ezt követően kerülhet sor. REMARKS ON THE ROLE OF THE NAMES OF THE KINDREDS IN THE 13th AND 14th CENTURIES by Tóth Valéria (Abstract) Although the term kindred (genus) is applied in the historical scholarship for the designation of several formations (apart from the kindreds in the 13th and 14th centuries those in the time of the Hungarian Conquest turn up most frequently in the literature), in the present study I deal only with the group that can be grasped by the research linguistically via the surviving documents; thus, the kindreds of the Conquest period remain outside the remit of this research. Within the intricate group of problems regarding the kindreds of the 13th and 14th centuries, it is foremost to their linguistic features that I pay attention. More precisely, I aim to determine the taxonomic place of the kindred names as a type of personal name with a special function. Closely connected to it are questions of a more general nature such as the chronological relations of the kindred names, the linguistic and non-linguistic circumstances which stood in their background, the systemic relations between the kindred and family names, the typological features of the kindred names etc. A great emphasis in the study is laid upon the evaluation of the information contained in the written sources, that is, on the relationship between literacy and the underlying orality. More precisely, the question is what kinds of personal names in contemporary spoken language may be looked for behind the corresponding written structures of the charters (eg. 1321: comes Ladizlaus filius Alexandri de Manaky de genere Bogathrodwan). The problem of kindred names from a historical perspective based on linguistic and etymological analysis is all the more delicate an area since even the practical value of these names has been called into question in previous scholarship, and attention has only been paid by the researchers to their usage in literacy, before all in charter writing. In the present study I therefore try to put forward arguments in support of the use in spoken language of these names, thereby justifying my argument according to which the category of kindred names was the first kind of personal name in Hungarian linguistic history to designate nexus. I also deal with the problem of what chronological, linguistic and non-linguistic relationships can be seen as accounting for the recession of kindred names in the early 14th century and the parallel appearance of family names as a new medium for designating nexus. 118 Vö. ehhez Györffy Gy.: A magyar nemzetségtől i. m. 25., Uő: Tanulmányok a magyar állam eredetéről. Bp. 1959. 13-14. 119 Benkő Loránd a Szovárd nemzetségről írt monográfiájában szintén ezeket a lehetőségeket emeli ki (Benkő L.: Szovárd-kérdés i. m. 81.), de — nem kifejtetten ugyan és nem is minden ellentmondás nélkül — egy esetleges harmadik kategóriáról szintén említést tesz: a közszóból lett nemzetségnevekről (i. m. 93.).
