Századok – 2004

Tanulmányok - Kiss Gergely: A Pannonhalmi Apátság egyházjogi helyzete a 11-13. században II/265

324 KISS GERGELY medio formula). Egyedi sajátosság a montecassinoi szabadság, amely a pápai bullákban még inkább hangsúlyossá tette az egyházjogi kiváltságokat. Ha az egyházjogi kiváltságok kiterjedését nézzük, azt kell mondanunk, hogy maga az apátság azáltal, hogy a megyéspüspök kormányzati hatalmának minden eleme alól mentességet nyert, és kizárólag, közvetlenül a pápa joghatósága alá tartozott, ezzel teljes exemptiot nyert. Ez azonban csak passzív volt, mivel csak magára az apátságra terjedt ki. THE CANONICAL POSITION OF THE ABBEY OF PANNONHALMA IN THE IIth

TO 13t

h CENTURIES (Exemptio and Protectio) by Gergely Kiss (Summary) The present study examines a problem which has hitherto hardly been explored. Tha analysis is based on the royal and papal charters of Pannonhalma and takes into account more criteria than before. Foreign analogies are also put to use. The first part of the study introduces the basic conceptions (episcopal jurisdiction, exemptio, protectio) which are needed for the reconstruction of the abbey's canonical position. Then follows the analysis of the three major groups of charters along sixteen criteria: I.: the ordaining authority (potestas ordinis) of the diocesan bishop, criteria: a) free election of the abbot, the benediction of the abbot and the possibility for the monks to be ordained for the higher orders by the diocesan bishop; al) the freedom to elect the abbot, the benediction of the abbot and the possibility for the monks to be ordained for the higher orders by any bishop; b) the petition of the chrisma, the holy oils from the diocesan bishop; bl) the petition of the chrisma, the holy oils from any bishop; c) the inhibition of public mass. II.: the jurisdictional authority (potestas iurisdictionis) of the diocesan bishop, criteria: d) exemption from synodal obligation; e) visitation; f) exemption from canonical punishment, justice. III.: the formulae of the papal charters, criteria: g) „protectio"; h) „ad ius et proprietatem apostolicae sedis"; i) „nullo medio/nullo mediante"; j) salva sedis apostolicae auctoritate" in terms of land law; „salva sedis apostolicae auctoritate" in terms of legal relationship; 1) „census ad inditium protectionis"; m) census ad inditium libertatis"; n) libertás (Montecassino formula). The analysis revealed that - as opposed to earlier opinions - the canonical position of Pannonhalma was not settled for all at the fime of its foundation. It was not even based on the charter of Saint Stephen but developed gradually through papal privileges. Some elements of episcopal jurisdiction (potestas ordinis and iurisdictionis) were already limited by pope Paschalis II. This position was completed under Alexander III and Urban III by the papal protection and by the reference to papal ownership. Clement III considerably enlarged the abbey's privileges, which were consequently confirmed by Innocent III and Gregory IX. This meant that the abbey was exempted from episcopal jurisdiction and subordinated to the pope, that is, enjoyed complete exemption, which was only passive, however.