Marta, Livius et al.: The Late Bronze Age Settlement of Nyíregyháza-Oros „Úr Csere” (Satu Mare, 2010)
VIII. Conclusions. Nyíregyháza-Oros site and its significance for the reearch of the Late Bronze Age
sidered that the genesis of the Berkesz culture, dated to the second half of the RBC stage and the RBD one, occurred on a background of mixture between the Suciu de Sus and the Tumuli (Egyek) cultures, a cultural mixture over which were attached eastern elements, of the Noua-Komarovo type300. The territory from the north-eastern Hungary which included the Hajdú-Bihar and Nyírség areas, was assigned to the Berkesz culture. The ceramic materials discovered in the northern part of the Berkesz culture’s territory (e.g., Alsóberecki, Vajdácska) differ partially from those materials discovered in sites from the eastern and southern Nyír. Some of the pottery from the Alsóberecki necropolis already presents ornaments specific for the Suciu de Sus culture301. In the case of the sites of Berkesz-„Csonkás-dűlő”, Demecser-„Borzsovapuszta” or Nyíregyháza„Bujtos” and Nyíregyháza-„Morgó”, those fragments of cups or dishes of the Suciu de Sus type must be considered as imports. Instead, as regards the eastern and southern sites, it was considered that those materials gathered under the denomination of Berkesz culture, actually belonged to the Suciu de Sus culture302. At the same time, the sites from the western area - Nyíregyháza-„Bujtos” and Nyíregyháza-„Morgó” and many other sites assigned to the Berkesz culture303 - can be actually assigned to the late period of the Hajdfibagos-Cehăluţ group304. Given this context, one could debate the manner in which those artefacts of eastern provenience can be interpreted within the discoveries assigned to the Berkesz culture. On the one hand it is about pottery and, on the other hand, we refer to the metal items305. As at the present time the pottery of the Noua-Sabatinovka culture is better known, it is more difficult to distinguish the presence of some of its ceramic elements in the Upper Tisa region and the possible route on which they could have penetrated into this region306. 300 Kemenczei 1963, p.182-183; Kovács 1967. 301 Kemenczei 1981. PI. 3/8,4. 302 Tóth-Marta 2005, p. 127. 303 Tibor Kemenczei (1967) enumerates the discoveries assigned to Berkesz culture. Most of them are represented by sparse materials. More important ceramic lots originate only from the settlements of Nyíregyháza-“Bujtos”, Nyíregyháza-“Morgó” and from the necropoleis of Berkesz-“Csonkásdűlő” and Demecser-“Borzsovapuszta”. 304 Nagy 2007, Pl. 1. It is interesting that most of the sites assigned to Berkesz culture in 1967 are positioned east of Nyíregyháza and west of Crasna course. Therefore, they are located on a territory on which one can assume the existence of some settlements with mixed archaeological material that bears, in majority, the characteristics of the Hajdúbagos- Cehăluţ group, elements of the Suciu de Sus culture appearing often alongside. 305 Several ceramic forms (the concave amphoraes with wide rim, the two handles cups as well as the pots) and several metalic pieces (Kemenczei 1981, p. 89-91 Kalicz-Koós 1997, p. 68) are considered to be of eastern origin. The origins of these types were looked for in the cultures Noua and Komarovo. 306 There are no traces of the Noua culture in the Ukraine from west the Carpathians to justify an entry from the east. Regarding the situation in Transylvania, the most northern Noua-type ceramic elements appear as imports / influences 62
