Marta, Liviu: The Late Bronze Age Settlements of Petea-Csengersima (Satu Mare, 2009)
IV. Habitation of the Lăpuş II-Gáva I Archaeological Culture
forms which led to a decrease of its boiling capacity as a special type of cooking vessel44*. Two cooking vessels from Petea—Csengersima, both of average and great capacity (PI. 19/7, 20/9), were discovered within a deposit of object, probably with worship/festive character. Besides the boiling vessels (cooking vessels) it also contained a grinder, storage jars and vessels used for the handling/serving and filtering liquids (cups/ladles, amphorae and strainers). Starting from the association of cereal grinding - boiling — storage (possibly fermentation) — and the serving of liquids (Typ. pl. 8), there is a possibility to link these elements with the process of preparing and consumption of beer in the case of a similar deposit in the settlement at Lazuri, whereas the cooking vessels from the deposits could have been used for the cooking of the raw materials needed in the process448 449. Bowls/ dishes This “family” of vessels comprises recipients with wide mouth whose diameter is greater than the height of the vessels. In the analyses of this vessels category, based on the relation between height and the diameter of the mouth, the forms can be more precisely separated (bowls and dishes). This was the basis for establishing the types within the category. However, for the statistical count, in order not to leave out the small fragments and to not modify the general image of the frequency of the use of forms in the settlements the use of a larger category was decided. Within the ensemble of identified vessel forms in the complexes of the Lăpuş II—Gáva I settlement at Petea—Csengersima the “family” vessels comprising bowls/ dishes had a large scale employment (32,5%). The dimensions of the bowls differ quite great. The quality of the clay from which the bowls/dishes were made varies: 32,9% were made from fine clay, 50% from semi fine clay and 17,1% from coarse clay. The majority of vessels were fired in oxidizing atmosphere, attaining a brick-red colour. However there are numerous examples that were fired in reducing atmosphere obtaining grey-brown nuances. Examples with stains of different overtones compared to the rest of the vessel’s surface are frequent. Bowls/dishes that had a double firing of the surfaces, black and red respectively, represent a special category. This firing method along with the decoration is dependent of the types of this form. So these matters will be referred to when the bowl types are be described. The bowls from the settlement at Petea—Csengersima were divided based on the general aspect of the vessels given by the profile of the walls. The subtypes were established based on the presence or absence of lobes on the rim, while the way in which the rim was modelled was used as criteria for establishing the variants. The typological criteria is the same as in the case of the bowls of the Suciu de Sus culture in order to point out the numerous similarities (inherited?) as well as the differences that appear between the two cultural horizons in the settlement at Petea—Csengersima. Type 1 includes conical bowls and dishes with oblique walls. Subtype 1A comprises examples with straight rims without lobes. This subtype was divided into several variants based on the way the rims of the bowls were modelled. Variant 1Aa comprises examples whose rim is an extension of the walls, being straight or cut in an angle (PI. 8/6,8,10,11,16 18/4, 27/1). The examples of variant 1Ab have the interior part of the rim thickened (PI. 26/1). Variant 1Ac includes bowls/dishes with oblique walls and out curved rim (PI. 7/14, 8/7, 27/1). Subtype 1A represents 22,89% within the form category. It is documented also in the Lăpuş II and Gáva I settlements under the form of the three variants of modelling the 448 As a result of the arches becoming narrower and the disappearance of the ventilation perforation from these lead to a limitation of the capability of directing the flame toward the base of the vessel. 449 Marta 2008, p. 111-129. 69
