Hágó Attila Nándor et al.: Satu Mare. Studii şi comunicări. Seria arheologie 31-32/1. (2015-2016)
Liviu Marta - János Németi - Endre Szász: Depozitele de brozuri de la Pir şi Ciumeşti. Reflectări ale mobilităţii culturale şi a conectivităţii în spaţiul carparpatic
Depozitele de bronzuri de la Pir şi Ciumeşti. Reflectări ale mobilităţii culturale si a y y conectivităţii în spaţiul carparpatic Liviu Marta, János Németi, Endre Szász Abstract: Among the 37 objects from the bronze hoard ofPir there are some pieces of which presence in the Upper Tisa Basin and north Transylvania is extremely rare but are frequevent discoveries in other regions. Five of these objects, four socketed axes and a pendant, have analogies in the Alpine area and the north-western Balkans and may be considered imports from the west and south-west. The considering of the objects from Pir as imports is supported by the fact that they are continuing a process from the previous period (HaA) when, between the metalurgic centre including Transdanubia and the north-western Balkan area and the metalurgical centres from Upper Tisa region and Transylvania took place exchages in metal pieces. The intermediary discoveries may be considered marking points of the directions of circulation of these objects. The concentration of pieces along some communication lines makes necesary the discussion about if the connectivity between regions means only the import of objects or if there are also other types of mobility implied. Along the objects from the Pir hoard there are pieces with a similar provenience in the hoard from Ciumeşti. Both hoards are completing the picture about the presence of imports in an area considered to be a traditional trade route linking Transylvania and the north of the Pannonian Plain. The meaning of these „imports” of north-west Balkanic/ south-east Pannonian adornments, weapons and vestimentary pieces have to be treated from the perspective of their deposition as offerings and also as identitary marks. In this context, the connectivity is seen in close relationship with regional deposition customs, with economic and comercial realities and also with identitary negotiations produced in the framework of a distinguishable physical and cultural mobility. The intense connectivity evidenced in the repertoire of the bronze discoveries from Transylvania and along the routes towards this area rich in resources, reflects a new dinamization of the society pointing to the fact that from a socio-economic perspective the macroregional convergences tend to prevail over regional divergences. This phenomenon may represent an explanation for the magnificence riched by the big Transylvanian bronze hoards but also for the amplitude riched by the fortification phenomenon. The location offortifications shows that they were built in order to protect the routes by which the resources from Transylvania circulated in the framework of a continental comercial circuit in which some of the fortified settlements were acting as nodal points. The social values of the offerings and „import-objects” contained by them are evidenced as historical sources giving some detailes above a long term interregional connectivity phenomenon, a phenomenon observed also for other historical periods but difficult to catch through the methods of the traditional archaeology. Cuvinte cheie: Epoca târzie a bronzului, depozite de bronzuri, Tisa Superioară, Transilvania, Balcanii de nord-vest, Transdanubia, conectivitate, relaţii sociale. Keywords: Late Bronze Age, Bronze hoards, Upper Tisa Basin, Transylvania, North-vest Balkans, Transdanubia, connectivity, social relations. între cele 37 de obiecte ce compun depozitul de bronzuri de la Pir există câteva obiecte a căror prezenţă în bazinul superior al Tisei şi în nordul Transilvaniei este extrem de rară, ele fiind, în schimb, descoperiri frecvente în alte regiuni. Cinci dintre aceste obiecte, patru celturi şi un pandantiv, au analogii în aria alpină şi nord-vest balcanică şi ar putea fi considerate importuri dinspre vest şi sud-vest. Considerarea obiectelor de la Pir ca importuri este sprijinită de faptul că ele se află în continuarea unui amplu proces din perioada anterioară (HaA), când între centrul metalurgic
