A műemlékek sokszínűsége (A 28. Egri Nyári Egyetem előadásai 1998 Eger, 1998)

Előadások / Presentations - GERŐ Győző: Turkish architecture in Hungary

GYŐZŐ GERŐ TURKISH ARCHITECTURE IN HUNGARY Turkish troops occupied Buda in 1541 and within a few decades a significant part of the country was under Turkish domination. The borders of the territory under Ottoman rule for more than a hundred and fifty years were almost in constant change. Important towns of the country like Székesfehérvár, Pécs, Szigetvár, Szeged and Eger were ruled by the Turks. They primarily acquired the strategically important towns and fortresses, Muslim Turks and Bosnians were settled at the same time. Thus a social and economic change began, which was rooted in Muslim culture and was absolutely alien to Hungarian traditions. The Muslim way of life mediated to the dominated area by the Balkans went together with significant constructions since institutions necessary for the new religious and social needs required buildings and edifices serving these needs. As a consequence the basic buildings were constructed, like mosques, minarets, baths, turbas, colleges, dervish convents and public wells, which are the most characteristic religious and secular edifices of Muslim Turkish towns and villages. Naturally we must also include primarily defensive military constructions, which served the purpose of constant fortification and maintenance of castles and towns. Written sources from the 16th and 17th centuries and site drawings from the period depict many more Turkish buildings than the size of our present Turkish monument stock. However, as a result of the archaeological and monument research of the past five decades the number of our Turkish monuments has increased and most are already restored. Mosques are the most important edifices of religious life. At the beginning a church in a town was transformed for this purpose, later on, however, completely new mosques were built in the style of Ottoman Turkish architecture. Two types of groundplans for mosques were used in the dominated area. One had a rectangular shape with a vestibule of different groundplans and a minaret. We can mention Suleyman sultan mosque with and 'C shaped vestibule in Szigetvár built in the second half of the 16th century and the Uzice Hadzsi Ibrahim mosque in Esztergom. The other type is represented by a square shaped mosque with a minaret. A three-phase arcaded vestibule covered with small cupolas joins the north western façade. This ground plan was most frequently used in this area. It is represented by Gazi Kasim Pasha's Mosque still standing in the town of Pécs, the most imposing example of Turkish architecture in Hungary. Its vestibule and minaret, were however, ruined. Jakovali Hassan Pasha's mosque, also in Pécs and built in the second half of the 16th century, is the most well-preserved mosque in Hungary. Its minaret is standing, the vestibule is partly restored. It originally belonged to the Mevlevi dervishes' convent, although its set of buildings was ruined at the time of the 1686 recapture. This is the only mosque where the decorative wall paintings and inscriptions has mostly survived the times. Ali Pasha's mosque in Szigetvár, built in 1588-89, represents the same type, the prayer space is covered by a dome, like in other mosques of this type. Significant remains of the three arch phased arcaded vestibule are preserved by the building serving as the parish church. The Malkoch bey mosque, which was built by