A műemlékek sokszínűsége (A 28. Egri Nyári Egyetem előadásai 1998 Eger, 1998)

Előadások / Presentations - GERŐ Győző: Turkish architecture in Hungary

Malkoch Klissai sanjak bey between 1543 and 1565, belongs to this group and it is the latest Turkish monument that has been restored. All the types of Hungarian Turkish baths can be found in the Hungarian stock. Apart from the two basic, although different in their systems, steam and thermal baths, the hamam and ilidjan, there were twin baths here, too. The steam baths were ruined without exception, but as a result of new excavations some of them partly in a reconstructed form enrich the monuments of the period. Valide sultan's bath in the town of Eger was built in the beginning of the 17th century and represents the classical groundplan style. Memi pasha's bath in Pécs was built in the middle of the 16th century. Its vestibule, the tepidarium (lukewarm water hall) and caldarium (hot water hall) could be reconstructed and can be viewed as an open air museum today. In this type of bath there is no pool in the caldariyum, its place is occupied by massage benches the 'gobek tasi'. There is a dripping fountain in the vestibule, which characterises the vestibules of all the types of baths. The remains of the Güzeldse Rüstern pasha's bath belong to the group of twin baths. It was also a steam bath with one part for men and the other for women. There were fewer thermal baths due to the natural availability of waters. In this respect Buda, which was rich in spa waters, still has four working Turkish baths. Their groundplan also shows the triple arrangement, although there is a waterpool with several steps in the centre of the caldarium, the dome hall. With northern thermal waters the former Veli bey, today Császár bath, while with the southern water supply the dome hall of the Rudas bath and the Rácz or Imre bath preserve the memory of the Turkish era. The earlier Cockerel Gate bath today Király, bath stood within the town wall and received its thermal water by pipeline. All were built in the middle of the second half of the 16th century. A group of Turkish monuments in Hungary, although modest in number but significant, is represented by tombs - turba. According to sources their number was much higher than that of the surviving ones. The Gul Baba turba in Buda is one of the latter, which is a place of pilgrimage for Turks and Muslims generally. The other is the Idris Baba turba located in the town of Pécs. Both have an octagonal groundplan, a structure covered with a dome without a drum. Gui Baba turba was built between 1543 and 1548, the other was constructed at the end of the 16th century. A part of the Turkish architectural monuments in Hungary were destroyed during the battles of recapture or the following centuries. Since the few remaining Muslim population converted to Catholicism, the social and religious demand for the maintenance of these buildings petered out. Hungary's remaining Turkish edifices are the most northern monuments of Ottoman Turkish architecture. Now, naturally without attempting to be fully comprehensive, I would like to talk about the most characteristic edifices of Turkish architecture in Hungary, which make up a small but valuable and significant group of monuments in Hungary. The value of Hungary's remaining and explored Turkish architectural heritage is increased by and their appreciation is even more necessary with the large scale destruction of Turkish monuments that was caused by the war in Bosnia, in the Balkans. There are two basic groundplan types of mosques in Hungary. One is square, the other is rectangular. The location of the minaret is always on the right side. Gazi Kasim pasha's mosque in the town of Pécs is the most imposing monument in Hungary of the mosque type with a square groundplan, one minaret and a triple arch roof vestibule. Its internal height is 22 metres and was built in the middle of the 16th century. Its minaret and vestibule were ruined. The original entrance used to be on the northwestern side and the mihrab (the prayer niche) is located opposite, in the southeastern wall of the jami. Today the building serves as the inner city parish church. Jakovali Hassan pasha's jami in Pécs also represents the square shaped mosques. It originally belonged to