Műemlékállományunk bővülése, új műemlékfajták (Az Egri Nyári Egyetem előadásai 1987 Eger, 1987)

Nováki Gyula: Őskori és középkori földvárak Magyarországon

1869 1890 1900 1910 270,685 505,763 732,322 881,601 making it the 8th largest city in Europe. The provision of housing for the working classes was therefore not simply a problem for individual companies, but the state became increasingly involved. The first study on the housing problems of the working classes gives a good indication of the problems. It was prepared by the doctor and economist, Ambrus Naményi in 1883. He pointed out that these problems resulted from that the economic system of the 1880's was still unable to take on European examples en masse, but they could certainly be sued as a pattern for development and I quote: "The family and the family home form the foundation and corner stone of all culture, welfare, social peace and national strength. However much some might like to state that self-denial and simplicity are the main virtues of mankind, this cannot be said in the case of housing. Quite the reverse, the greatest individual wisdom and political and social forward thinking manifest themselves in the rasing of expectations, the increasing of demands, and ensuring in accordance with the long-term needs of society that the lowest social classes are provided with .better living conditions. Naményi's solution was in practice only a partial one. The houses on the new estates usually consisted of one room plus kitchen but most working class families could only afford the rent if they received a lodger, or nightlodger. According to Naményi's data covering the period between 1880 and 1883, the population growth of working class families amounted to 12—14,000, as a result of which, 3,000 extra rooms would have been needed. 2,000 rooms were actually built, with an average of 4 persons living to a room. It was during this period that the estate bordered by Elnök utca, Mező Imre, Biró Lajos and Könyves Kálmán körút was constructed, the so-called Official's Estate which was the first state-subsidized building project in Budapest. The estate planner was the architect, János Bobula who applied the principles employed to desing garden suburbs in England and Germany. The exteriors of the buildings show certain European influences while, at the same time, the majority of the flats consisted of one room only, with a majority consisting of two, in keeping with Hungarian traditions. This goes to show that government officials at the turn of the century had great difficulty paying their rents which inreased considerably faster than their wages. In 1893, Károly Gerlóczy, the then Vice-mayor of Budapest concerned himself with the question of housing for the working classes, but enjoyed only extremely limited success, despite government subsidies, due to the fact that it became extremely difficult to persuade industrialists to participate in house-building schemes. Greater progress was only achieved in the middle of the 1900's, when a new study was prepared and reconmmendations made by Imre Ferenczy, a well-known economist of the period. He advised industrialists only to contemplate participation in housing schemes if the siting of the factory or the need for a stable workforce make it imperative- according to him, housing should not be considered a social question, but as part of the essential equipment of a factory. Ferenczy's study and survey was not without results. Between 1908 and 1913, the biggest ever housing programme was carried out in the capital, linked to the names of the Mayor, István Bárczy and the Prime Minister of the time, Sándor Wekerle. Numerous architects and contractors were involved in the schemes, 10 new estates were erected, based on the designs of virtually 50 architects. The estates were built on the outskirts where land was still cheap and single storey houses could be constructed. The largest estates were at Rákospalota, adjacent to the Rákospatola, Gubacs, Kén, Százados. Ciprus, Kőbánya and Czegléd Roads. The standardized plans show us 1 and 2 room flats, built in rows of 4—12 houses, placed 7 metres apart — which made them fairly crowded as a result. The architects Ernő Forbát, Miklós Führer, Ernő Éberling and Lajos Schodits took part in the work. The external appearance of the buildings was extremely varied, with carved gables, decorative external rendering and vernacular elements. The inhabitants of the new estates were virtually without exception workers who had moved up from the provinces. In 1908, the Ganz-MÁVAG estate was built on land surrounded by Galgota, Delej, Vajda Péter and Bláthy Streets. This new estates already reflects new demands—houses are built with gardens and 4 storeys high. The whole estate centers on a multi-purpose community centre, which with its monumental reinforced concrete structure is of considerable historical interest. On the estate, there were 645 one-room flats, and 10 2—3 room flats rented by company officials. In 1912, the Aquincum Gas Factory Estate was built, based on the designs of Lóránd Almási Balogh. This, just like the Ganz-MÁVAG Estate consisted of houses with gardens, that were either single or two storeys high. The estate was originally built to house 100 families in 1, 2 and 3-room flats. One of its great advantages was that 1 allotment was attached to each house. When built, mains drainage was provided, and the flats were equipped with gas heating and lighting. There were public baths, a nursery school, post office, retaurant and a club on the estate. At the beginning of the 1910's this counted as a model estate in Budapest. Alongside the above-mentioned housing estates, the state also subsidized the so-called small flat estates, where the flats generally consisted of one room plus hall, kitchen, pantry and toilet. It was only on a few estates that two-room flats were built. (Budafok, Bécs, Százados and Kőbánya Streets.)