Folia Theologica 14. (2003)
Szabolcs Anzelm Szuromi: A Turning Point in the History of the General Councils of the West in the 13th Century (A Critical Summary on the Importance of the Constitutions of the Fourth Lateran Council [1215] According to its Theological, Canonical and Historical Aspect)
168 SZ. A. SZUROMI eating35), but also when they exercise their priestly office - most especially when caring for the Holy Eucharist and the Holy Oils.36 Some prescriptions were remarkable for the sacramental life of the Medieval Church and the Church of later centuries. Included among these prescriptions were the obligation of yearly confession,37 and the pastoral care of the dying, especially the duty of administering the sacrament of anointing of the sick.38 This last obligation is significant because the Extrema nctio ended up on the list of sacraments in the 13th century following a lengthy dogmatic development. The turning point in this development occurred in 1274 when the Second Council of Lyon added Extreme Unction to the list of sacraments.39 The next grouping of canons dealt with the election of bishops and the administration of ecclesiastical goods.40 Innocent III had intended to radically suppress each bishop who was occupying a see that had not been canonically elected and approved by the Pope.41 His intention was an extension of the Gregorian reform which can be summarized briefly by the Dictatus Papae (1075).42 Lateran IV clearly intended to name only the cathedral chapter as the competent body for electing a bishop.43 This same interpretation was given by all the commentators in the glosses later attached to the text of the council.44 The influence of the secular authorities on the elections of bishops was also a significant problem. The Pope declared that all elections carried out under duress by secular authority were invalid.45 This was certainly not a new principle46 since the 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 27 Canon 2 cf. Enchiridion symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fide et morum, ed. H. DENZINGER-A. SCHÖNMETZER, Freiburg 1976.36 (DS) 803-808. 28 Cf. ERDŐ, P., “Az egyházmegyei zsinat intézménye a történelem en” in ERDŐ, P., Egyházjog a középkori Magyarországon, Budapest 2001. 19-24. Especially 21. 29 Cf. C. 18 q. 2 c. 6; X 3. 35. 8; Clem. 3.11.1; SZUROMI, Sz.A., “The character of juridical personality of monastery as a community of persons up to the 13th Century” in Folia Theologica 11 (2000) 101-109. Especially 104-107. 30 ERDŐ, P., Die Quellen des Kirchenrechts. Eine geschichtliche Einführung (Adnotationes in ius canonicum 23), Frankfurt am Main 2002. 120-124. 31 X 3. 36. 1-9. 32 Canon 14. 33 Cf. canon 18. SZUROMI, Sz.A., A temetésre vonatkozó egyházfegyelem a XII-XIII. században (Bibliotheca Instituti Postgradualis Iuris Canonici
