Folia Canonica 10. (2007)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE - Szabolcs Anzelm Szuromi: Development of the Clerical Duties and Rights Based on the 11th-12th Centuries. Canonical Collections

DEVELOPMENT OF THE CLERICAL DUTIES AND RIGHTS

217

bishop must use the ecclesiastical goods for his diocese, farm well in the country, and the whole property has to remain in the hands of the Church.65

Gratian places some canons into his collection about insuitability of religious for the priesthood (cf. D. 58) but he explains his opposite point of view (for example in his dictum to C. 16 q. 1 c. 36).66 This opinion is supported by D. 63 c. 3567 which makes it possible for religious to cooperate during the episcopal election as recently Card. P. ERDŐ supported in his article on La designazione dei vescovi nel Decreto di Graziano,68 The prohibition of descendents of priests to be cleric is interpreted minutely by Gratian, using rich source material for his argumentation. He refers this prohibition only to those, who follow their father’s fault in their own daily life (D. 65 c. I).69 Obviously, the strict celibacy was enforced in the whole Latin Church in the time of Gratian, as it is very clear fromD. 28 c. 1, which is an extract of the 44th letter of Pope Gregory I, written in 591.70

We can say generarly about the third section of the Decretum Gratiani, that is a description of the most important clerical duties as De consecratione. There are canons about the obligation to offer the Holy Sacrifice on the anniversary of ded65 C. 12 q. 1 c. 23: Episcopus ecclesiasticarum rerum habeat potestatem ad dispensandum erga omnes, qui indignet; cum summa reuerentia et timore Dei. Participet autem et ipse quibus indiget, (...) tam in suis quam fratrum, qui ab eo suscipiuntur, necessariis usibus profuturus, ita ut nulla qualibet occasione fraudentur, iuxta sanctum Apostolum sic dicentem: “Habentes uictum et tegumentum, his contenti sumus.’’Quod si contentus istis minime fuerit, conuertat autem res ecclesiae in suos domesticos usus, et eius commoda uel agrorum fructus non cum presbiterorum diaconorumque constientia pertractet, sed horum potestatem domesticis suis, aut propinquis, aut fratribus filisque conmittat, ut per huius modi personas occulte res ledantur ecclesiae (...) Friedberg 1.684-685.

66 C. 16 q. 1 d.p. c. 36: His omnibus auctoritatibus monstratur, quod monachi, qui a populo sunt electi, et ab episcopo cum consensu sui abbatis sunt ordinati, legitme potestatem suam exegui ualent. Illud uero Gregorii: “Nemo potest ecclesiasticis obsequiis deseruire, etc.” de illis intelligendum est, qui, in numero cardinalium uel episcoporum ordinati, monasterii sui dispensationem sibi reseruare contendunt. Friedberg I. 771.

67 D. 63 c. 35: Obuentibus sane episcopis, quoniam ultra tres menses uacare ecclesiam sanctorum Patrum prohibent sanctiones, sub anathemate interdicimus, ne canonici de sede episcopali ab electione episcoporum excludant religiosis uiros, sed eorum consilio honestam et idoneam persona min episcopum eligant. Quod si exclusis religiosis electio facta fuerit, quod absque eorum consensu et conniuentia factum fuerit, irritum habeatur et uacuum. Fried- BERG I. 247.

68 Erdő, P., La designazione dei vescovi nel Decreto di Graziano, in ERDŐ, P. (Hrsg.), Kirchenrecht im mittelalterlichen Ungam (Aus Religion und Recht 3), Berlin 2005. 179—195.

69 D. 65 c. 1 : Sane, si communi omnium consensu rationabiliter probato secundum ecclesiasticam regulam, duo uel tres animositate ducti per contentionem contradicant, obtineat plurimorum sentencia sacerdotum. Friedberg 1.249-250.

70 D. 28 c. 1 : Nullum facere subdiaconum présumant episcopi, nisi qui se uicturum caste promiserit: quia nullus debet ad ministerium altaris accedere, nisi cuius castitas ante susceptum ministerium fuerit approbata. Friedberg I. 100.