Dr. Murai Éva szerk.: Parasitologia Hungarica 20. (Budapest, 1987)
MATERIALS AND METHODS The study material on which these examinations are based have originated from various sources: 1) the author's original collection obtained in several European countries, and in Egypt, India and Viet Nam; 2) samples preserved after joint examination of amphistomes with foreign experts; 3) museum specimens loaned for revision. The terminology used here has been adopted from NÄSMARK (1937) and EDUARDO (1982), but their scope was modified in various points. Sections and slides have been prepared by the recognized methods. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Pharynx The muscular apparatus situated around the oral opening is a pharynx which is homologous with the pharynx, and not with the oral sucker of trematodes other than amphistomes, as it was convincingly pointed out by NÄSMARK (1937). It consists of two, morphologically clearly defined parts: the body of the pharynx itself, and the appendages which are known in certain groups of amphistomes. Beside these, the author surveyed the oesophagus functionally, as part of this muscular apparatus, because the pharyngeal-oesophageal complex is capable of realizing the complex mechanism of taking and passing of the nutritive materials. This notion seems to be confirmed by the fact that there is a well recognizable correlation, for the most part, among the development of the musculature of the pharynx, the structure and size of the appendages and the development of the oesophageal musculature. The body of the pharynx is usually the true muscular organ, consisting of different circular, longitudinal and radial muscle elements. The appendages are blindly ending sacs with poorly developed musculature, and they are located dorso-laterally . The oesophagus may or may not have musculature, in the former case it can divide into three categories according to its development: sphincter, muscular thickening and bulb. Schematic representation of a general type of pharynx (Fig. 1, NÄSMARK, 1937) shows all the traits, with the relevant terminology which are necessary for diagnosis (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 represent of pharynx, having two types of appendages). On the basis of the structure of the pharynx in a broader sense, three main groups and further sub-groups have been differentiated with several types within each group. 1. Pharynx with primary pharyngeal sacs (Fig. 2) 1. 1. Pharynx with two primary pharyngeal sacs (Fig. 2) 1. 1. 1. Primary pharyngeal sacs intramural 1.1.2. Primary pharyngeal sacs extramural (Fig. 2) 1.2. Pharynx with a single pharyngeal sacs 2. Pharynx with pharyngeal bulb and secondary pharyngeal sacs (Fig. 3) 3. Pharynx without pharyngeal appendages. Types of pharynx with two primary pharyngeal sacs situated intramural This group embraces six already known types (Nematophila Sey, 19 73; Pseudocladorchis Näsmark, 1937; Pseudodiplodiscus Sey, 1983; Scleroporum Näsmark, 1937; Solenorchis Sey, 1980; Stichorchis Näsmark, 1937) and two new ones described below. 1. Spinolosum type (Fig. 4) Anterior sphincter present, at anterior third of pharynx, posterior sphincter absent. Middle circular units very poorly developed, and present only in the anterior half of pharynx. Interior circular units poorly developed. Radial fibres loosely packed, forming small bands, and showing ramification in terminal part. Primary pharyngeal sacs very small. (Valid for Schizamphistomoides spinolosum.)
