Dr. Murai Éva szerk.: Parasitologia Hungarica 18. (Budapest, 1985)
TENORA, HAUKISALMI and HENTTONEN (1985) found many confusions in the generic classification of cestodes, now more or less conventionally placed in the genera Paranoplocephala and Andrya. On the basis of the facts published by TENORA, VAUCHER and MURAI in the years 1981-1982, they arranged the species P. omphalodes (Hermann, 1783), P. gracilis Tenora et Murai, 1980, and A. microti Hansen, 1949 in the genus Andrya. TENORA, MURAI and VAUCHER (1984) reconsidered the characterization of the genera And rya Railliet, 1883, Paranoplocephala Lühe, 1910 sensu Rausch 1976, and Anoplocephaloides Baer, 1924 sensu Rausch, 1976 and agreed in substance with RAUSCH' s (1976) opinion. Although some authors did not accept the division of the family Anoplocephalidae into two subfamilies (YAMAGUTI, 1959, STUNKARD, 1961, JOYEUX and BAER, 1961) it should be stated that as regards the characters, the genus Anoplocephaloides belongs to the subfamily Anoplocephalinae Blanchard 1891 sensu Spassky, 1951 and the genera Paranoplocephala and Andrya to the subfamily Monieziinae Spassky, 1951 (i.e., to two different developmental branches). In order to establish the exact structure of Paranoplocephala species, TENORA, MURAI and VAUCHER (1984) tentatively transferred to this genus many species previously placed in the genera Andrya or Aprostatandrya, but admitted that a revision of the concrete material should be made. TENORA, MURAI and VAUCHER (1984) for the first time thoroughly analyzed the type species of the genera Andrya and Paranoplocephala and found a difference in the process of formation of their reticular uterus. In P. omphalodes, the uterus at its early stages has the form of a transverse, mucose sac and later it becomes reticulate, whereas in A. rhopalo- cephala the reticulation appears suddenly, without previous formation of tube or sac on the ventral side. TENORA, HAUKISALMI and HENTTONEN (1985 b) studied the anoplocephalids of rodents in Finland. It is evident that Andrya kalelai Tenora, Haukisalmi, Henttonen, 1985 and ? Ano plocephaloides sp. are members of Paranoplocephala sensu Tenora, Murai and Vaucher 1984 (see the evolution of the uterus of A. kalelai, Fig. 10, and the form of the uterus of ? Anoplo cephaloides sp. , Fig. 12 in the paper of TENORA, HAUKISALMI and HENTTONEN, 1985 b). It is also necessary to add some notes to the problem presented by RAUSCH (1976) and TENORA, MURAI, VAUCHER (1984), that Aprostatandrya Kirschenblat, 1938 is a synonym of Paranoplocephala Lühe, 1910. RAUSCH (1976) writes: A comparison of P. omphalodes with A. macrocephala from rodents in North America has revealed no morphologic differences that I consider to have taxonomic significance at the generic level". Since the publication of the original description of A. macrocephala Douthitt, 1915, type species of Aprostatandrya , no author has studied the material of A. macrocephala from its original host, Geomys bursarius. With the exception of the single, original record, all other findings of A. macrocephala, both from North America and Europe, originated from other species of rodents. They were not identified according to the original description, but according to the revision by RAUSCH and SCHILLER (1949). However, RAUSCH (1976) later characterized A. macrocephala as follows: "Compared with other species of the genus, including P. omphalodes, P. macrocephala is the least host-specific and the most variable morphologically, which suggests that it represents a complex of species". The systematic position of P. omphalodes also remains unclear. Since 1783, when the first description was published, till 1976 this species was regarded as a member of the subfamily Anoplocephalinae (for the characteristics of this subfamily see SPASSKY, 1951). It was only in 1976 (compare RAUSCH, 1976) and some years later (compare TENORA and MURAI, 1980 and TENORA, VAUCHER and MURAI 1981-1982)that some of the authors wrote that the stage of reticular uterus appeared during the process of uterus development in P. omphalodes . On the basis of this feature this species belongs to the groups of species showing better agreement with the subfamily Monieziinae Spassky, 1951, the development of which is different.
